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A Level Biology > Topic 1.3 Biological molecules 2 > Flashcards

Topic 1.3 Biological molecules 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

molecules with 3 parts, a 5-carbon pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group (joined by condensation reactions)

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2
Q

What is ATP, adenosine triphosphate?

A

a nucleotide that acts as the universal energy supply molecule in cells. it is made up of an adenosine base, pentose sugar ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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3
Q

What are purine bases?

A

bases found in nucleotides which have 2 nitrogen-containing rings

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4
Q

What are pyrimidine bases?

A

bases found in nucleotides which has 1 nitrogen-containing ring

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5
Q

What is adenine and guanine?

A

purine bases found in DNA and RNA

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6
Q

What is cystosine?

A

pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA

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7
Q

What is thymine?

A

pyrimidine base found in DNA

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8
Q

What is uracil?

A

pyrimidine base found in RNA, replaces thymine

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9
Q

What is the function of ATPase?

A

an enzyme that catalyses the formation and breakdown of ATP, depending on conditions

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10
Q

What is ADP, adenosine diphosphate?

A

a nucleotide formed when ATP loses a phosphate group and provides energy to drive reactions in the cell

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11
Q

Define redox reactions

A

reactions in which one reactant loses electrons

oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction

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12
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

polymers made up of many nucleotide monomer units that carry all the information needed to form new cells

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13
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

the bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide in a condensation reaction. DNA ligase catalyses their formation in DNA replication

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14
Q

Define a genome?

A

the entire genetic material of a organism

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15
Q

Which base does adenine pair with?

A

A,T thymine

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16
Q

Which base does guanine pair with?

A

C,G cytosine

17
Q

What bond forms between 2 strands of DNA to form the double helix structure?

A

hydrogen bonds

18
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

A

3 bonds

19
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

A

2 bonds

20
Q

What are the names are the 2 strands?

A

5’ and 3’ according to which carbon the phosphate group is attached to in the first nucleotide of the chain

21
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A

copies itself exactly

22
Q

How was DNA replication tested?

A

though experiments on semi-conservative and conservative replication

23
Q

What is conservative replication?

A

where the double helix remains intact and new stands form on the outside

24
Q

What is semiconservative repliaction?

A

where the double helix unzips and each strand replicates to produce a second, new strand

25
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that unzips two strands on the DNA molecule

26
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that lines up and catalyses the linking up of the nucleotides along the template strand

27
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

an enzyme involved in DNA replication that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 2 strands of DNA

28
Q

Describe translation

A

the process by which proteins are produced, via RNA, using the genetic code found in the DNA. takes place on the ribosomes

29
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis in the cell

30
Q

Define the triplet code

A

the code of 3 bases and is the basis of the genetic information in DNA

31
Q

What is a gene?

A

a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule. contains coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that affect a characteristic in the phenotype of the organism

32
Q

Define a codon

A

a sequence of 3 bases in DNA or mRNA

33
Q

What’s a complementary strand?

A

the strand of RNA formed that complements the DNA acting as the coding strand

34
Q

What type of mutation causes sickle cell disease?

A

substitution

35
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

a sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that are complementary to the mRNA codon

36
Q

What is a mutagen and examples?

A

anything that increases the rate of a mutation e.g. smoking, x-rays

37
Q

Explain the importance of DNA replication during the development of a zygote into a blastocyst

A
  • zygote divided several times by mitosis
  • to make identical copies of the DNA/chromatids
  • so that all the cells will be diploid
  • so that when the mitochondria divide they will have a copy of the DNA

A Level Biology (32 decks)

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