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IMS > Topic 12 - Immunology > Flashcards

Topic 12 - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system protect from?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Parasites
  • Fungi
  • Tumor cells
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2
Q

What are the two types of immunity the body utilizes?

A
  • Innate Immunity (first defense line, non-specific response)
  • Adaptive Immunity (second defense line, highly specific with memory)
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3
Q

How does active immunity work?

A
  • Antigens enter body and trigger
  • Innate and adaptive immune systems
  • Provides long term protection
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4
Q

How does passive immunity work?

A
  • Antibodies pass from mother to foetus across the placenta/infant through breast milk
  • Provides short term protection
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5
Q

Which cell are the cells of the immune system derived from?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow

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6
Q

What are the two lineages?

A
  • Myeloid

- Lymphoid

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7
Q

Which cells does the myeloid lineage generate?

A
  • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)
  • Monocyte/macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
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8
Q

Which cells does the lymphoid lineage generate?

A

B- and T- and natural killer lymphocytes

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9
Q

How are Polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes characterised?

A

Multilobed (2 to 5) nuclei and cytoplasmic granules

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10
Q

What are the Polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Mast cell
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11
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Principal phagocytic cell of innate immunity. Rapidly migrate to sites of infection, ingest microbes by phagocytosis, release oxygen free radicals, degranulate releasing proteins with microbicidal properties e.g. lysozyme

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12
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Important defender against multicellular parasites and have a role in allergy and asthma.

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13
Q

What are basophils?

A

Involved in inflammatory allergic reactions. Releases the potent vasodilator, histamine.

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14
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • Circulate in blood, bean shaped nuclei, precursors of tissue macrophages.
  • Effectors of the inflammatory response to microbes.
  • Kills pathogens via phagocytosis, free radical production, myeloperoxidase and inflammatory cytokines.
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15
Q

What are macrophages?

A
  • Derived from blood monocytes
  • Participate in innate and adaptive immunity
  • Phagocytosis, microbicidal mechanisms, antigen presentation to other cells
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16
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Process and present antigens (antigen presenting cell {APC}) on their cell surface to T-lymphocytes to initiate specific immune responses.

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17
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Similarities with basophils, release histamine, close association with allergy and inflammation

18
Q

What are the small lymphocytes?

A
  • B lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

19
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

produce antibodies, present antigens to other cells (APC), can produce long lived memory cells

20
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

Part of innate immune response. Plays critical role in development and regulation of cell mediated immunity. Influences the activities of other cells (e.g. B-cells), able to kill virally infected and tumour cells, generate long lived memory cells

21
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A

Release perforins and granzymes and trigger apoptosis in target cell.
Kill infected cells which do not express foreign surface antigen, respond rapidly, involved in tumour immunosurveillance.

22
Q

What are the key immunological sites in the body?

A
  • Primary lymphoid tissue

- Secondary lymphoid tissue

23
Q

What happens at the primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Development and maturation of lymphocytes :

  • bone marrow (B lymphocytes)
  • thymus gland (T lymphocytes)
24
Q

What happens at the secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Mature lymphocytes encounter antigens/pathogens:
Includes: lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissue at other sites e.g. tonsils, appendix, adenoids, Peyer’s patches (in ileum),bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).

25
Q

Which sites on the body are lymph nodes found at?

A
  • Jaw
  • Neck
  • Axilla
  • Elbow crease
  • Groin
  • Behind the knee
26
Q

What happens at the lymph nodes during infection?

A

Virgin B- and T-lymphocytes home from
bone marrow and thymus to specific sites in lymph nodes. Architecture and
size of nodes change in response to activation and proliferation of lymphocytes

27
Q

What are the components of the spleen?

A

-Red pulp
(Erythrocytes removed)
-White pulp
(Lymphocytes stimulated)

28
Q

What is the spleen?

A
  • Lymphoid organ in the abdomen
  • Removes damaged or old erythrocytes
  • Key site of activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens
29
Q

What are the key components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Mechanical barriers
  • Physiological
  • Chemical mediators including circulating plasma proteins
  • Phagocytic leukocytes
  • Natural Killer cells
30
Q

What are the mechanical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Provided by skin and mucous membranes, competition with normal flora, mucous entraps, and cilia propel microbes out of body.

31
Q

What are the physiological components of the innate immune system?

A

Stomach acid kills some pathogens; fever response inhibits pathogen growth

32
Q

What are the chemical mediators of the innate immune system?

A
  • Lysozyme cleaves bacterial cell wall
  • Interferon induces antiviral defenses in uninfected cells
  • Complement lyses microbes directly or facilitates phagocytosis
33
Q

What are the phagocytic leukocytes?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
34
Q

What is the purpose of macrophages?

A

Reside in tissues and recruit neutrophils, become activated release cytokines (TNF, IL1)

35
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils?

A

Enter infected tissues in large numbers, become activated, release cytokines (TNF), phagocytose bacteria

36
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A
  • Summoned from the blood
  • Release cytokines (IFN-γ, IL2)
  • Kill infected cells (trigger apoptosis)
37
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Called into action when pathogens overcome innate immune defense
  • Activates, proliferates, and creates specific responses to eliminate microbe
38
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune responses?

A
  • Humoral immunity (antibodies produced by B lymphocytes)

- Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)

39
Q

What is the function of resident macrophages in non-infected tissue?

A

Eating up dead and dying cells in the tissue.

40
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells in non-infected tissue?

A

On sentry duty waiting for the first sign of a pathogen.

IMS (13 decks)

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