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Topic 11 > Topic 11.1 Antibody Production & Vaccination > Flashcards

Topic 11.1 Antibody Production & Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

What are antigens?

A

foreign molecules that trigger an immune response
(proteins or saccharides)

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2
Q

What is the immune system able to distinguish?

A

between foreign cells and the “self” based on the molecules found on a cell’s surface.

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3
Q

What do pathogens specialize in?

A

to infect a specific species (although others can cross species barriers)

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4
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

a pathogen that has evolved to able to cross the species barrier

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5
Q

What are examples of zoonosis?

A

Ebola
HIV
Spanish Flu
Rabies
West Nile Virus

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6
Q

What is determined by the antigens found on the surface of their red blood cells?

A

A person’s blood group

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7
Q

What does blood type A have?

A

Anti-B (Antibodies) in plasma; A antigen in red blood cells

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8
Q

What does blood type B have?

A

Anti-A (Antibodies) in plasma; B antigen in red blood cells

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9
Q

What does blood type AB have?

A

Antigens A and B but no antibodies

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10
Q

What does blood type O have?

A

Antibodies against A and B but not antigens

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11
Q

What occurs when there is a mismatch between donor blood and recipient?

A

an immune response called agglutination can occur. This destroys red blood cells and can cause blood coagulation.

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12
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

ingest pathogens and then ‘display’ antigens on
their cell membrane. (helps activate T cells)

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13
Q

What is a T lymphocyte?

A

have receptors that detect the antigen displayed
by the macrophage

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14
Q

What is activated by T lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

rapid production of antibody-specific B cells

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16
Q

What do B cells become after rapid multiplication?

A

Plasma cells
Memory cells

17
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

B cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies
during an immune response (extensive rough ER)

18
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

B cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies
during an immune response (extensive rough ER)

19
Q

What are memory cells?

A

does not secrete antibodies
they remain in the body long after the infection

20
Q

What is opsonization?

A

occurs when antibodies (opsonins) bind to and mark a pathogen for ingestion and elimination by phagocytes

21
Q

What is the complement activation?

A

occurs when antibodies bind to a pathogen’s
surface and activates complement cascades
-can lead to opsonization and cell death via lysis.

22
Q

How can we neutralize antibodies?

A

by binding to it and preventing its biological functions.

23
Q

What is agglutination?

A

occurs when antibodies bind to pathogens and cause
them to clump together (via phagocytosis)

24
Q

What is histamine?

A

a chemical released by white blood cells in response
to allergens or infections

25
Q

What do Histamine molecules cause?

A

the blood vessels in the affected area to dilate, resulting in an increase in fluid flow (allergy symptoms)

26
Q

What is immunity?

A

refers to an organism’s ability to resist an infection or disease.

27
Q

What is active immunity?

A

immunity due to the production of antibodies by an organism after the body’s defense mechanisms has been stimulated by antigens.

28
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies that are formed in another body but passed down for short term use (ex. breast milk)

29
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

results from natural exposure to an antigen
-the body produces its own antibodies

30
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

results when antibody production is induced by a
substance that contains an antigen (vaccine)

31
Q

What does active immunity depend on?

A

the persistence of memory cells after an initial infection.

32
Q

What are benefits of vaccinations?

A

-Allow for the eradication of some diseases (e.g. smallpox)
-Can prevent disabilities like those resulting from polio
-Spread of epidemics can be controlled
-Preventing disease is more cost-effective than treatment

33
Q

What are potential dangers of vaccinations?

A

-Old vaccines contained mercury-based preservatives, which act as a neurotoxin
-Social bias against them because they ‘overload’ the immune system
-There are cases of vaccinations leading to allergic reactions and autoimmune responses.

34
Q

What is smallpox?

A

the first infectious disease to have been eradicated by vaccinations.

35
Q

What did the World Health Assembly pass in 1959?

A

a resolution to eradicate smallpox.
-Governments and organizations from around the world cooperated to implement vaccination programs.

36
Q

What was the eradication of smallpox an example of?

A

the ability of intergovernmental organizations to address global health concerns.

37
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

the study of the distribution & causes of diseases in populations. By monitoring spreads, potential harm caused by outbreaks can be minimized.

Topic 11 (2 decks)

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