Topic 11 - Wave phenomena Flashcards
What is the nature of standing (stationary) waves?
- An oscillating wave pattern that does not change its position
- At nodes, the displacement is always zero
- At antinodes, the amplitude is at its maximum
- Between the nodes the oscillations are all in phase
- Energy is not transferred by a standing wave
How are standing waves formed?
- Caused by interference
- The overall displacement is the sum of the two individual displacements at that moment
- Nodes occur where the two waves are always out of phase
- Antinodes occur where the two waves are perfectly in phase
What is the fundamental mode of vibration (first harmonic)?
Vibration where the wavelength is 2L (L = the length of the string)
What is the fundamental frequency, f0, of a string?

What are the wavelengths and corresponding frequencies of the harmonics?

Describe the modes of vibration on a stretched string

What is the fundamental wavelength of a pipe with open ends, closed ends, and one open and one closed end?
Both ends open = 2L
Both ends closed = 2L
One open one closed = 4L
Compare standing waves and travelling waves

What is meant by the Doppler effect?
The change of frequency that is detected when there is relative motion between a source and a receiver of waves.
What kind of waves can show Doppler effect?
Any kind
Describe the shape of wavefronts during Doppler effect
What is the equation for Doppler effect for sound for a moving source?
f’ = frequency received
us = speed of the source
v = the speed of the wave
+ if moving away from the observer
- if moving towards the observer

What is the equation for Doppler effect for sound for a moving observer?
f’ = frequency received
u0 = speed of the observer
v = the speed of the wave
+ if moving towards from the observer
- if moving away the observer

What is the equation for Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves?
v = speed between the source and the observer
Can be used if v << c

How can Doppler effect be used to measure speed?
- Radars and microwaves
Sketch the variation with angle of diffraction of the relative intensity of light diffracted at a single slit
How is the formula θ = λ/b for the position of the first minimum of the diffraction pattern produced at a single slit derived?
θ = λ/b → the angle for the first minimum of a single slit diffraction pattern

Sketch the variation with angle of diffraction by two point sources that has been diffracted at a single slit (resolution)
- Two sources easily resolved
- Two sources just resolved
- Two sources not resolved

What is the Rayleigh criterion?
Two points sources are just resolved if the first minimum of the diffration pattern of one occurs at the same angle as the central maximum of the other.
Apply the Rayleigh’s criterion to a picture through a narrow slit
The images of two sources can be just resolved through a narrow slit, of width b, if they have an angular separation of:

Apply the Rayleigh’s criterion to a picture through a circular aperture
The images of two sources can just be resolved through a circular aperture if they have an angular separation of:

What is the significance of resolution in radio telescopes?
- Detect wavelengths longer than visible light
- Require big diameters in order to have big resolution
What is the significante of resolution in electron microscopes?
- Electron waves are detected by a fluorescent screen or sensors
- The size of atoms is much smaller than the wavelength of visible light
- Idk the book doesn’t even say
What is the significance of resolution in digital cameras?
- The sizes of the lens and aperture affect the resolution
- Distance between the pixels must be small enough to resolve the detail provided by the lens