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HL Biology > Topic 1.1 - 1.5 > Flashcards

Topic 1.1 - 1.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintaining of equilibrium within a cell

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2
Q

Reproduction

A

Production of offspring, asexually or sexually

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that take place in a cell

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4
Q

Growth

A

Cells dividing, organisms undergoing irreversible change in size

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5
Q

Response

A

Responding to environment stimuli eg. change in temperature

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6
Q

Excretion

A

Expulsion of waste from cell

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7
Q

Nutrition

A

Feeding on nutrients needed to carry out cell functions

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The site of all chemical reactions in a cell

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9
Q

Zygote

A

Formed when sperm fertilises an egg

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10
Q

Embryo

A

Formed when the zygote splits to form two cells, then four, then eight, etc.

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11
Q

SA: Vol ratio

A

The ratio of SA of the membrane to the volume of cell, which affects efficiency and necessary diffusion of nutrients, toxins, etc.

Larger cell: smaller SA:Vol ratio: lower efficiency and higher distance to travel

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12
Q

Emergent properties

A

The whole is more than the sum of its parts; specific parts function within a whole

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13
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar specialised functions

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14
Q

Cell differentiation

A

When cells have a specialised function, for which they develop the ideal structure, gene expression, etc. Happens because a different sequence of genes is expressed in different cell types.

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15
Q

Gene expression

A

All cells have the same chromosomes and alleles, however, they all express different genes. This is what specialises them.

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of anything from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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17
Q

Explain the treatment of Stargardt’s disease with stem cells

A

Stargardt’s is a genetic disease that causes photoreceptive cells in the retina to degenerate, causing blindness. Stem cells are injected into the eye and move into the retina where they attach themselves and develop into retina cells, improving vision.

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18
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is a zygote/early embryo that hasn’t yet differentiated and can differentiate along different pathways into any of the cell types found in an animal.

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19
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Adult stem cells/tissue-specific cells are found in small numbers in tissue, they replace existing cells in organs as they wear out

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20
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Stem cells can be grown into any kind of tissue in the body.

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21
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

Donated from patients at fertility clinics

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22
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Regular skin, fat, liver,etc stem cells that scientists have changed to be like embryonic stem cells and be able to become any cell in the body

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23
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-fearing, repulsed by water

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24
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving, attracted to water

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25
Q

Amphipathic

A

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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26
Q

Phosphate head

A

The hydrophilic part of the phospholipid bilayer - attracted to water, on opposite ends of the bilayer, facing the water. They are polar

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27
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

The hydrocarbon tails are the hydrophobic part of the phospholipid bilayer, facing inwards towards each other, away from water. Made of fatty acids.

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28
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, separates the cell from its environment

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29
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Membrane made out of two layers lipid molecules

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30
Q

Embedded

A

In the membrane

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31
Q

Peripheral protein

A

Protein the outside of the membrane

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32
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid lipid that is found in between tails of phospholipids. It reduces membrane fluidity so that it can better control what substances are able to diffuse through. Without cholesterol, the membrane would break up.

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33
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

A
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
  • 70S Ribosomes
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmids
  • Pili or Pilus
    Flagellum
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34
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Encase cell and provide protection, give cell shape

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35
Q

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, separates cell from its environment

36
Q

What is the function of 70S Ribosomes?

A

Are the site of protein synthesis

37
Q

What is the function of a nucleoid?

A

Contains naked DNA and controls cell activities

38
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Small circles of DNA that carry a few genes

39
Q

What is the function of Pili?

A

Small protein projections on the cell wall that helps with adhesion/DNA transfer

40
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Helps bacteria in movement

41
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotes are more complex in genetic material and organisation. They are compartmentalised (contain membrane-bound organelles) and have a nucleus

42
Q

What are the advantages of compartmentalisation?

A
  • Enzymes and molecules needed for chemical reactions/cellular processes can be at higher concentrations in organelles instead of throughout the cytoplasm
  • Waste can be isolated in organelles instead of spread throughout the cell
  • Certain conditions can be isolated and maintained within organelles
  • Organelles and the materials can move around the cell
  • Saves surface area
43
Q

What is the nucleus for?

A
  • Contains DNA

- Site of DNA replication and transcription

44
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A
  • Surrounds cell and determines what goes in or out

- Made from two layers of phospholipids and embedded proteins

45
Q

What is the function of 80S ribosomes?

A
  • Site of protein synthesis

- Found in the Rought ER and free ribosomes

46
Q

What is the function of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesize proteins for secretion from the cell, which will be carried by vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

47
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and stores lipids.

48
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

It processes proteins transported from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

49
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They contain enzymes to break down waste&food

50
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

To store water and digest food

51
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

Produces ATP (energy) for the cell by the process of cellular respiration. Digests fat if used as energy source.

52
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Produce glucose and other organic compounds through photosynthesis.

53
Q

What are the roles of microtubules and centrioles?

A
  • play a key role in the division of chromosomes (microtubules). They are small cylindrical fibre in the cytoplasm.
  • centrioles provide an anchoring point for microtubules, cilia and flagella?
54
Q

What are the different functions of proteins on the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hormone binding sites, cell adhesion, immobilised enzymes, cell to cel communication, passive transport and active transport

55
Q

What do hormone binding sites do?

A

Some proteins that cross the membrane can bind to hormones, which allows cells to detect external conditions (e.g. insulin).

56
Q

Describe adhesion proteins

A

Adhesion proteins allow cells to form tight junctions with each other. This is vital for forming tissues and organs.

57
Q

Describe immobilised enzymes

A

They can be embedded on either side of the membrane with active sites exposed, ready to speed up chemical reactions

58
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made from cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • cells only come from existing cells
59
Q

Evaluate embryonic stem cells

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • have unlimited growth potential
  • can differentiate into any cell in the body
  • less chance of genetic damage due to accumulations of mutations than with adult stem cells

DISADVANTAGES:

  • more risk of beoming tumourous
  • likely to be genetical different from adult patient receiving the tisssue
  • ethical issues- requires killing of embryo
60
Q

Evaluate adult stem cells

A

ADVANTAGES:

  • fully compatible with adult tissues
  • does not kill adult
  • less risk of developing malignant tumours

DISADVANTAGES:
- limited differentiation
- less growth potential
difficult to obtain, as they are deep in tissues

61
Q

How is the excretion of metabolic wastes from cells related to the concept of the surface area to volume ratio?

A

Cells with higher SA::Vol ration can act more efficiently as they have shorter diffusion pathways

62
Q

What is the difference between paramecium and other photosynthetic organims in nutrition?

A

Paramecium obtains nutrients by feeding on other organisms and storing in food vacuole, then gradually digested. Chlamydomonas is photosynthetic; converting sunlight CO2 into compounds needed for energy and growth

63
Q

milimeter to micrometer

A

times 1000

64
Q

milimeter to nanometer

A

times 1000000

65
Q

Contrast the Davson-Danieli model and the Singer-Nicholson model of the membrane

A

The DD model proposed peripheral layers of protein adjacent to the phospholipid bilayer, on both sides of the membrane. This would explain why the membrane was so efficient at controlling what diffuses in and out of it. The Singer-Nicholson method proposes that proteins occupy a variety of positions and structures (like transmembrane proteins, peripheral proteins). The proteins are likened to a mosaic, and the phospholipids and proteins being free to move labeled it the fluid mosaic model.

66
Q

Describe the falsification of the DD model

A

Upon freeze-etching the cell membrane, globular proteins were found throughout it, and were interpreted as trans-membrane proteins. This falsifies the idea of peripheral proteins on either side of the membrane. The structure of extracted proteins was varied in size, some being trans-membrance. Finally, researchers tagged antibodies attached to membrane proteins to cells. Some were tagged red and others green. When the cells fused together, the red and green tags mixed, showing that the membrane is fluid.

67
Q

Distinguish between simple and facilitated diffusion

A

Simple diffusion is the movement of particles across the phospholipid bilayer in liquids and gases without the aid of a protein. Facilitated diffusion requires a protein (channel or carrier) for material to pass through.

68
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Channel proteins form pores through the membrane. Small, non charged particles are able to diffuse through them without using energy

69
Q

What is active transport?

A

Other proteins use ATP to pump substances in and out of the cell. For example, the Sodium and Potassium pump.

70
Q

Describe the Sodium Potassium Pump

A

It is a protein pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This is to maintain higher concentrations of sodium ions outside the cell & higher concentration of potassium ions.

Sodium ions enter the cell. ATP is used to carry out a conformational change to the protein, so the molecule can pass to the opposite side of the membrane. The protein then returns to its original conformation.

71
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

When a solution has higher osmolarity that a tissue

72
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Total concentration of osmotically active solutes

73
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water from regions with low solute concentration to regions with higher solute concentration

74
Q

Describe endocytosis

A

When vesicles form by pinching off a piece os plasma membrane to form a vesicle on inside of the membrane which contain materials from outside the cell.

75
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When vesicles from inside the cell fuse with the membrane so contents leave the cell

76
Q

Osmoregulators

A

Maintain homeostasis for osmolarity

77
Q

Osmoconformers

A

Let their osmolarity match that of the environment (eg. jellyfish)

78
Q

How is waste exreted in insects?

A

Nitrogenous wastes in insects takes the form of uric acid. Uric acid and ions are movied into the Malphigian tubules. by active transport (this is when filtration happens). Water follows by means of osmosis. Moves to gut 0 water and ions are reabsorbed. The uric acid is the excreted with feces.

79
Q

What is found in a healthy person’s urine?

A
  • Water
  • Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
  • Toxins
  • Salts
80
Q

Pelvis

A

Collecting ducts deliver urine to the pelvis to be passed on to the ureter

81
Q

Ureter

A

Carries urine to the bladder

82
Q

Medulla

A

Concerned with the reabsorption of water

83
Q

Cortex

A

Concerned with the ultrafiltration and selective absorption of blood contents

84
Q

Describe binary fission

A

Binary fission is the asexual mode of reproduction for prokaryotic cells. During binary fission, a cell makes a copy of its genetic information and cytoplasm and splits in half.

85
Q

Draw a diagrammatic cross-section of the fluid mosaic membrane. Label it correctly, using
these terms: phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycoprotein, integral protein, peripheral
protein.

A

Check

86
Q

Why does a diet high in plants and plant products have relatively low cholesterol levels
compared with a diet involving high amounts of animal products?

A

Because cholesterol is found in the membranes of animal cells

HL Biology (12 decks)

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