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CHEMISTRY -EVIE💘 > Topic 10- Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10- Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

what do Humans use the Earth’s resources for

A

to provide warmth, shelter, food

and transport.

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2
Q

what do Natural resources, supplemented by agriculture do

A

provide food, timber,

clothing and fuels.

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3
Q

how are clay ceramics, including pottery and bricks made

A

by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

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4
Q

how is soda lime glass made

A

by heating mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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5
Q

what is Borosilicate glass

A

made from sand and boron trioxide, melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass.

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6
Q

what do the properties of polymers depend on

A

-what monomers they are made
from
-conditions under which they are made.

For example, low density (LD) and high density (HD) poly(ethene) are produced from
ethene.

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7
Q

what are composites

A

made of one material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of a material (known as the reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

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8
Q

what do the properties of a composite depend on

A

the properties of the materials it is made from

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9
Q

give some examples of composites

A

fibre glass, carbon fibre, concrete, wood

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10
Q

what is fibre glass?

A
  • consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic)
  • low density (like plastic) and strong (like glass)- used for skis boats and surfboards
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11
Q

what is carbon fibre

A
  • have polymer matrix
  • reinforcement is made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together (carbon fibres) or from carbon nanotubes
  • strong and light- aerospace and sports car manafacturing
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12
Q

what is concrete

A
  • made from aggregate (sand and gravel) embedded in cement

- strong- building materials (skate parks)

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13
Q

what is wood

A

natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organisc polymer matrix.

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14
Q

How is low density poly(ethene) made?

A 
from ethene
moderate temperature
high pressure
with a catalyst
flexible- used for bags and bottles
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15
Q

how is high density poly(ethene) made?

A 
from ethene
lower temp
lower pressure
different catalyst
more rigid- used for water tanks and drain pipes
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16
Q

what do the monomers that a polymer is made form determine?

A

the type of bonds that form between the polymer chains

these weak bonds between the different molecule chains determine the properties of the polymer

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17
Q

what are thermosoftening polymers

A
  • contain individual polymer chains entwined together
  • weak forces between the chains
  • can melt them and remould them
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18
Q

what are thermosetting polymers?

A
  • contain monomers that can form cross-links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure
  • don’t soften when heated.
  • strong, hard and rigid
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19
Q

give some properties of ceramics

A
  • include glass and clay ceramics such as porcelain and bricks
  • insulators of heat and elec
  • brittle and stiff
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20
Q

what are ceramics

A

non metal solids with high mp that aren’t made from carbon-based compounds

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21
Q

give properties of polymers

A
  • insulators of heat and elec
  • flexible
  • easily moulded
  • clothing and insulators in electrical items.
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22
Q

give properties of composites

A

depend on the matrix/binder and reinforcement used to make them- so have many different uses

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23
Q

properties of metals

A

malleable
good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile (drawn into wires)
shiny
stiff
electrical wires, car body-work and cutlery

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24
Q

how are alloys made

A

by adding another element to the metal- this disrupts the structure of the metal, making it a harder material

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25
Q

how is steel made

A

by adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to iron.

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26
Q

what is bronze and what is it used for

A

copper & tin
bronze is harder than copper
used to make medals, ornaments and statues

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27
Q

what is brass and what is it used for

A

copper & zinc
more malleable than bronze and is used in situation where lower friction is required, such as in water taps and door fittings.

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28
Q

what is used to make jewellry

A

gold alloys
pure gold = soft
SO metals such as zinc copper and silver are used to harden the gold.
pure gold = 24 carat, so 18 carats = 18/24 parts are pure gold (75%)

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29
Q

what is used for aircraft

A

aluminium alloys
-low density
pure aluminium is too soft- so alloyed to make it stronger with other metals

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30
Q

what is corrosion

A

destruction of materials by chemical reactions with

substances in the environment.

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31
Q

what is an example of corrosion

A

iron rusting- both air and water are necessary for iron to rust

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32
Q

what is rust

A

hydrated iron(lll) oxide

iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron(lll) oxide

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33
Q

where does rusting happen

A

on the surface of a material where it’s exposed to the air

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34
Q

how does rusting occur

A

when the soft crumbly rust flakes off, more iron is left to rust away again- leading to corrosion

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35
Q

why isn’t aluminium completely destroyed by corrosion

A

Aluminium has an oxide coating that protects the metal from further corrosion.

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36
Q

what is the experiment that shows both oxygen and

water are needed for iron to rust?

A

1) iron nail in boiling tube with just water- no rust (boiled water removed o2)
2) iron nail in boiling tube with just air- no rust (calcium chloride can be used to absorb any water from the air)
3) iron nail in boiling tube with air + water- RUST!

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37
Q

how can rusting be prevented

A

painting/coating with plastic- ideal for big and smaller structures alike

electroplating- electrolysis is used to reduce metal ions onto and iron electrode; can be used to coat iron with a layer of a different metal that wont be corroded away.

oiling greasing- when moving parts are involved (eg. bike chain)

38
Q

what is a sacrificial method

A

placing more reactive metal (such as zinc or magnesium) with the iron.

water and oxygen then react with the metal instead of with the iron.

39
Q

explain a technique for prevention of rusting that involves both methods

A

OBJECT can be galvanised by spraying it with a coat of zinc.

protective & if scratched, zinc with work as a sacrificial method.

40
Q

what are natural resources?

A

form without human input
come from earth,sea or sky

can be replaced or improved by man made products eg. rubber is extracted from sap of a tree, however man made polymers have now been made- replace rubber in eg. tyres

agriculture provides ideal conditions eg. fertilizers increase yield

41
Q

give an example of a renewable resource

A

timber- only takes a few years to regrow

fresh water and food

42
Q

what are finite resources

A

non renewable, aren’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable

43
Q

give examples of finite resources

A

fossil fuels, nuclear fuels (uranium and plutonium)

minerals and metals found in ores

44
Q

what often happens after finite resources have been extracted?

A

undergo man-made processes- provides fuels and materials necessary for modern life.eg. fractional distillation- produces petrol from crude oil
metal ores are reduced to form pure metal.

45
Q

why do extracting finite resources have risks?

A

people have to balance the social, economic and environmental effects of extracting finite resources

eg. mining metal ores = good, useful products can be made, provides jobs, brings in money

however = bad, uses loads of energy, scars the landscape, produces lots of waste & destroys habitats.

46
Q

what is sustainable development?

A

approach that considers present society and future generations

47
Q

what is the situation with metal ores

A

The Earth’s resources of metal ores are limited.

48
Q

whats happening to copper ores?

A

becoming scarce and new ways of extracting copper
from low-grade ores include phytomining, and bioleaching. These methods avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

49
Q

what is phytomining

A

uses plants to absorb metal compounds. The plants

are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds.

50
Q

what is bioleaching

A

uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.

51
Q

how can the metal be obtained?

A

The metal compounds can be processed to obtain the metal.

For example, copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis.

52
Q

what does recycling do for energy

A

uses much less, conserves finite amount of each metal in the earth and cuts down on the amount of waste getting send to landfill.

53
Q

how are metals usually recycled?

A

by melting, and then casting

54
Q

what does glass recycling do for the environment?

A

helps sustainability by reducing the amount of enegy needed to make new glass products, and also the amount of waste created when glass is thrown away.

55
Q

how can glass be recycled

A

1) often can be reused without reshaping.
2) separated by colour and chemical composition before recycling.
3) crushed & melted to be reshaped for use in bottles/ jars etc. OR insulating glass wool for wall insulation in homes.

56
Q

what are life cycle assessments

A

LCAs are carried out to assess the
environmental impact of products in each of these stages:
• extracting and processing raw materials
• manufacturing and packaging
• use and operation during its lifetime
• disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.

57
Q

why is LCA is not a purely objective process?

A

Use of water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes can be fairly easily quantified. Allocating numerical values
to pollutant effects is less straightforward and requires valuejudgements

58
Q

how can LCAs be biased?

A

Selective or abbreviated LCAs can be devised to evaluate a product

but these can be misused to reach pre-determined conclusions

eg in support of claims for advertising purposes.

59
Q

what are the features shown in plastic bags in an LCA

A

crude oil

compounds are extracted from crude oil by fractional distilation

60
Q

what are life cycle assessments

A

LCAs are carried out to assess the
environmental impact of products in each of these stages:
• extracting and processing raw materials
• manufacturing and packaging
• use and operation during its lifetime
• disposal at the end of its useful life, including transport and distribution at each stage.

61
Q

why is LCA is not a purely objective process?

A

Use of water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes can be fairly easily quantified. Allocating numerical values
to pollutant effects is less straightforward and requires valuejudgements

62
Q

how can LCAs be biased?

A

Selective or abbreviated LCAs can be devised to evaluate a product

but these can be misused to reach pre-determined conclusions

eg in support of claims for advertising purposes.

63
Q

what are the features of plastic bags in LCAs?

A

crude oil

compounds are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, cracking then polymerisation- LITTLE WASTE (other fractions have other uses)

can be reused- shopping, bin liners etc

recyclable but NON biodegradable- landfill & pollution

64
Q

what are the features of paper bags in LCAs?

A

timber

pulped timber is processed using lots of energy- LOADS OF WASTE

usually only used once

biodegradable, non-toxic and can be recycled.

65
Q

what is ideal drinking water like?

A

sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

66
Q

what is potable water

A

Water that is safe to drink

67
Q

is potable water pure

A

not pure water in the chemical sense because it contains dissolved substances.

68
Q

what do the methods used to produce potable water depend on

A

available supplies of water and local conditions.

69
Q

how can sewage be treated?

A

1) sewage is screened- removes large bits & grit
2) sedimentation- heavy sludge at bottom light effluent at top
3) effluent removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion- air pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
4) sludge is removed- transferred to large tanks- broken down by anaerobic digestion
5) methane gas is release by this which can be used as an energy source and the remaining digested waste can be used as a fertiliser

FOR WASTE WATER CONTAINING TOXIC SUBSTANCES… ADD CHEMICALS, UV RAD, OR USING MEMBRANES

70
Q

name some sterilising agents used for potable water?

A

chlorine, ozone or

ultraviolet light.

71
Q

what is ammonia made from and what is it used for?

A

THE HABER PROCESS
nitrogen (n2) + hydrogen (3H2) == ammonia (2NH3)
(+ heat)

used to make ammonium nitrate- a very nitrogen-rich fertiliser.

72
Q

where does waste come from?

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water

these require treatment before being released into the
environment.

organic matter and harmful microbes are in sewage and agricultural waste, so need to be removed.

Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.

73
Q

how can sewage be treated?

A

1) sewage is screened- removes large bits & grit
2) sedimentation- heavy sludge at bottom light effluent at top
3) effluent removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion- air pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter.
4) sludge is removed- transferred to large tanks- broken down by anaerobic digestion
5) methane gas is release by this which can be used as an energy source and the remaining digested waste can be used as a fertiliser

WASTE WATER CONTAINING TOXIC SUBSTANCES… ADD CHEMICALS, UV RAD, OR MEMBRANES

74
Q

when is sewage treatment most effective?

A
  • requires more processes that treating fresh water, but uses less energy than desalination of salt water
  • could be used in areas with not much fresh water

eg. singapore is treating waste water and delivering it back into water supplies

people don’t like idea though

75
Q

which way is exothermic in the haber process?

A

forwards

76
Q

how is nitrogen obtained?

A

easily from the air- (78% nitrogen)

77
Q

how is hydrogen obtained?

A

reacting methane (from natural gas) with steam to form hydrogen + CO2

78
Q

what is the pressure like for the haber process?

A

higher pressure moves the equilibrium where there are fewer moles, and there are fewer moles on the right, so we use a high pressure to produce as much ammonia as possible.

it also increases ROR

200 atmospheres (high but not too expensive)

79
Q

what temperature would be ideal for the haber process?

A

LOW TEMP

WHY?
if you increase the temp, the equilibrium will move to the left (endo) so therefore if you decrease the temp, the equilibrium will move to the right (exo) so more ammonia will be produced

80
Q

what is the actual temp of ammonia production and why?

A

a low temp= low ROR

SO a compromise is made btween yield and speed…

450 degrees

81
Q

what is the pressure like for the haber process?

A

higher pressure moves the equilibrium where there are fewer moles, and there are fewer moles on the right, so we use a high pressure to produce as much ammonia as possible.

it also increases ROR

82
Q

what catalyst is used and what affect does it have on the yield?

A

iron catalyst, doesn’t affect the yield

83
Q

why are formulated fertilisers better than manure?

A

widely available, easier, don’t smell, enough nutrients

84
Q

Which 3 elements are used in NPK fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (hence NPK)

85
Q

how can industrial production of NPK fertilisers be achieved

A

using a variety
of raw materials in several integrated processes.

NPK fertilisers are formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of
the elements.

86
Q

how is ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate carried out in industry

A

giants vats
high conc
very exothermic
heat released is used to evap water from the mixture to make a very conc ammonium nitrate product.

87
Q

how can ammonium salts be made?

A

By reacting ammonia with acids, incl. nitric acid

88
Q

how is ammonium nitrate made?

A

ammonia and nitric acid react together (good fertiliser- nitrogen from two sources)

89
Q

how is ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate carried out in industry

A

giants vats
high conc
very exothermic
heat released is used to evap water from the mixture to make a very conc ammonium nitrate product.

90
Q

how is ammonia + nitric acid -> ammonium nitrate carried out in lab

A

much smaller scale by titration & cristilisation
low conc
less heat produced
safer
aft. titration, mixture is crystalised which give pure ammonium nitrate crystals.

crytalisation isn’t used in industry bcos it’s v slow.

CHEMISTRY -EVIE💘 (9 decks)

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