Topic 1 - variation Flashcards
What are the 5 kingdoms and their characteristics?
Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall or chlorophyll )
Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall, chlorophyll)
Fungi (multicellular, saprotrophic, cell wall, no chlorophyll)
Prokaryote (unicellular, no nucleus,)
Protoctista (unicellular, nucleus)
What does heterotrophic mean?
Eat other living things
What does autotrophic mean
Make their own food via photosynthesis
What does Saprotrophic mean?
Eat other dead organisms and decaying material
What Kingdom are virus in?
They aren’t classified because they are non-living
What are the classification groups?
Kingdom. King Phylum. Prawn Class. Curry Order. Over Family. Fried Genus. Green Species. Sausages
What does Chordata mean?
Has a back bone
How many classes are in the Chordata phylum?
5 Fish Amphibians Reptile Birds Mammals
How do you divide vertebrates into the 5 classes
Ask the questions:
How it gets oxygen. Lungs, gills, or skin
How it controls body temperature. Homeotherm, or poikilotherm
How it reproduces. Internal or external fertilisation
How it gives birth. Viviparous or oviparous
What does Homeotherm mean
Warm blooded so temperature is kept consistent by homeostasis
What does poikilotherm mean
Cold blooded. Uses it’s environment to control body temp
What does viviparous mean
Gives birth to live young
What does oviparous mean
Lays eggs
What are characteristics of birds
Lungs - Homeotherm - internal - oviparous
What are the characteristics of reptiles
Lungs - poikilotherm - internal - oviparous
What are the characteristics of fish
Gills - poikilotherm - external - oviparous
What are the characteristics of mammals
Lungs - Homeotherm - internal - viviparous
What are the characteristics of amphibians
Lungs/skin - poikilotherm - external - oviparous
What was Charles Darwin’s theory?
The theory of evolution (natural selection)
Where did he go to do his research?
Galápagos Islands
Why is accurate classification not always easy
Not all organisms interbreed like the species definition says
If s male from one species breeds with a female from a second species you’ll get a hybrid that is sometimes fertile
Variation within species
Ring species
What are the two parts of a binomial name
Genus species
What are the two causes of variation
Genes and environment
What is a ring species
A group of related populations that live in neighbouring areas. The populations that life next to each other can interbreed to produce fertile offspring but populations that live further apart can’t.
Explain how geographical separation of one species can lead to a new species
speciation (1)
• different geographical area may have different selection pressures / environmental conditions (1)
• those individuals of a species suited /adapted / to this environment will survive and breed (1)
• adaptations/genes passed down to the offspring
• new species unable to breed with original
How is variation caused by the environment?
Environmental factors that can cause variation include diet exercise, temperature, light level, amount of water, injuries etc.
What causes genetic mutation?
it is completely random
What is continuous variation?
When individuals in a population vary within a range - there are no distinct categories e.g height weight etc
What is discontinuous variation?
Where there are two or more distinct categories eg blood type, colour etc
How have some organisms adapted to living in the deep sea
Some deep sea fish are able to emit light from parts of their body
Deep sea fish often have huge mouths and/or big eyes
How have polar bears adapted to the cold
Polar bears:
Compact shape which give them small surface area compared to volume which reduces heat loss
Thick layer of blubber which acts as insulation and energy source
Thick hairy coats trap warm air next to skin
Greasy fur sheds water
Big feet spreads weight which stops them sinking into snow
White fur - camouflage
How have organisms adapted to volcanic vents and high temperatures? Pompeii Worms.
Chemicals in vents support bacteria that are able to make their own food using chemical energy
Other animals feed off the bacteria
Specially adapted to live in high temp and pressure.
Thick layer of bacteria to protect from heat
Hide in papery tubes to protect from predators.
How have penguins adapted to the cold?
Thick layer of fat
Oily feathers
Huddle together in groups to conserve heat
Streamline body to reduce water resistance
How do scientists publish their theories?
Scientific journals - other scientists do experiment to test reliability and validate - peer review - publish
