Topic 1 - variation

Question 0

What are the 5 kingdoms and their characteristics?

Answer 0

Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall or chlorophyll )
Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall, chlorophyll)
Fungi (multicellular, saprotrophic, cell wall, no chlorophyll)
Prokaryote (unicellular, no nucleus,)
Protoctista (unicellular, nucleus)

Question 1

What does heterotrophic mean?

Answer 1

Eat other living things

Question 2

What does autotrophic mean

Answer 2

Make their own food via photosynthesis

Question 3

What does Saprotrophic mean?

Answer 3

Eat other dead organisms and decaying material

Question 4

What Kingdom are virus in?

Answer 4

They aren’t classified because they are non-living

Question 5

What are the classification groups?

Answer 5

Kingdom.      King
Phylum.      Prawn
Class.      Curry
Order.      Over
Family.      Fried
Genus.      Green
Species.      Sausages

Question 6

What does Chordata mean?

Answer 6

Has a back bone

Question 7

How many classes are in the Chordata phylum?

Answer 7

5
Fish
Amphibians
Reptile
Birds
Mammals

Question 8

How do you divide vertebrates into the 5 classes

Answer 8

Ask the questions:
How it gets oxygen. Lungs, gills, or skin
How it controls body temperature. Homeotherm, or poikilotherm
How it reproduces. Internal or external fertilisation
How it gives birth. Viviparous or oviparous

Question 9

What does Homeotherm mean

Answer 9

Warm blooded so temperature is kept consistent by homeostasis

Question 10

What does poikilotherm mean

Answer 10

Cold blooded. Uses it’s environment to control body temp

Question 11

What does viviparous mean

Answer 11

Gives birth to live young

Question 12

What does oviparous mean

Answer 12

Lays eggs

Question 13

What are characteristics of birds

Answer 13

Lungs - Homeotherm - internal - oviparous

Question 14

What are the characteristics of reptiles

Answer 14

Lungs - poikilotherm - internal - oviparous

Question 15

What are the characteristics of fish

Answer 15

Gills - poikilotherm - external - oviparous

Question 16

What are the characteristics of mammals

Answer 16

Lungs - Homeotherm - internal - viviparous

Question 17

What are the characteristics of amphibians

Answer 17

Lungs/skin - poikilotherm - external - oviparous

Question 18

What was Charles Darwin’s theory?

Answer 18

The theory of evolution (natural selection)

Question 19

Where did he go to do his research?

Answer 19

Galápagos Islands

Question 20

Why is accurate classification not always easy

Answer 20

Not all organisms interbreed like the species definition says
If s male from one species breeds with a female from a second species you’ll get a hybrid that is sometimes fertile
Variation within species
Ring species

Question 21

What are the two parts of a binomial name

Answer 21

Genus species

Question 22

What are the two causes of variation

Answer 22

Genes and environment

Question 23

What is a ring species

Answer 23

A group of related populations that live in neighbouring areas. The populations that life next to each other can interbreed to produce fertile offspring but populations that live further apart can’t.

Question 24

Explain how geographical separation of one species can lead to a new species

Answer 24

speciation (1)
• different geographical area may have different selection pressures / environmental conditions (1)
• those individuals of a species suited /adapted / to this environment will survive and breed (1)
• adaptations/genes passed down to the offspring
• new species unable to breed with original

Question 25

How is variation caused by the environment?

Answer 25

Environmental factors that can cause variation include diet exercise, temperature, light level, amount of water, injuries etc.

Question 26

What causes genetic mutation?

Answer 26

it is completely random

Question 27

What is continuous variation?

Answer 27

When individuals in a population vary within a range - there are no distinct categories e.g height weight etc

Question 28

What is discontinuous variation?

Answer 28

Where there are two or more distinct categories eg blood type, colour etc

Question 29

How have some organisms adapted to living in the deep sea

Answer 29

Some deep sea fish are able to emit light from parts of their body
Deep sea fish often have huge mouths and/or big eyes

Question 30

How have polar bears adapted to the cold

Answer 30

Polar bears:
Compact shape which give them small surface area compared to volume which reduces heat loss
Thick layer of blubber which acts as insulation and energy source
Thick hairy coats trap warm air next to skin
Greasy fur sheds water
Big feet spreads weight which stops them sinking into snow
White fur - camouflage

Question 31

How have organisms adapted to volcanic vents and high temperatures? Pompeii Worms.

Answer 31

Chemicals in vents support bacteria that are able to make their own food using chemical energy
Other animals feed off the bacteria
Specially adapted to live in high temp and pressure.
Thick layer of bacteria to protect from heat
Hide in papery tubes to protect from predators.

Question 32

How have penguins adapted to the cold?

Answer 32

Thick layer of fat
Oily feathers
Huddle together in groups to conserve heat
Streamline body to reduce water resistance

Question 33

How do scientists publish their theories?

Answer 33

Scientific journals - other scientists do experiment to test reliability and validate - peer review - publish