TOPIC 1: THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE UK 🇬🇧🌐 Flashcards
How are igneous rocks formed?
- igneous rocks are formed, when magma from the manyle cools down, and hardens [the rock then forms crystals as it cools]
How are sedimentary rocks formed? Can you give an example of one ?
Hint: compacting
- an example of sedimentary rocks are:
- chalk, and granite
- sedimentary rocks, are formed by layers of sediment compacting together until they become solid rock.
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
other rocks are changed by heat and pressure
How have past tectonic processes shaped the UK landscape?
Hint: plate boundary, forced magma
- active volcanoes- in the past, the UK was much closer to a plate boundary than it was now.
- ; active volcanoes forced magma through the Earth’s crust, which cooled to form igneous rocks.
- Plate collisions- collisions between tectonic plates caused the rocks to be folded and uplifted.
Is granite impermeable
Yes
What are physical processes that alter the landscape?
Hint: weathering
- physical processes that alter the landscape are:
- weathering
- erosion
- post-glacial river processes
- and, slope processes
Give an example of a sedimentary rock, igneous rock and metamorphic rock
Sedimentary: chalk, sandstone
Igneous: granite, basalt
Metamorphic: schist, slate
What are two characteristics of sedimentary rocks ?
- sedimentary rocks are easily erodable, and usually softer than igneous or metamorphic rocks
What type of rock is slate?
Metamorphic
Give two characteristics of igneous rocks
- two characteristics of igneous rocks, is that they’re usually hard because, they contain crystals as the rock cools
- and the second characteristic, is that they’re often impermeable
How had glacation affected areas?
Hint: glaciers deposit material
- glaciers have deposited material as they melted, and these landscapes are formed by glacial meltwater
- they then deposit, south of where the ice sheets are
What does weathering mean ?
Hint: into
- weathering, is the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces
Name an effect forestry has caused
Hint: drainage, increased
- foresty can lead to erosion because, when areas are felled, the landscape is left bare and this affects drainage.
- this can lead to increased erosion
What’s one way how humans have influenced the landscape of the UK ?
Hint: underground
- settlements have influenced the landscape of the UK because as they grew, they further influenced the landscape since:
- some rivers were diverted through underground channels
- and some river channels, were straightened or had embankments build to prevent flooding
Explain the process of mechanical weathering.
Hint: seawater, evaporates, break up
- seawater gets into cracks in the rock
- and when the water evaporates, salt crystals form and they expand as they form- putting pressure on the rock.
- this repeated evaporation of saltwater and the forming of salt crystals widens the cracks, and causes the rock to break up.
What is chemical weathering? And explain the process of how it takes place.
Hint: weak carbonic acid + calcium carbonate
- chemical weathering, is the breakdown of rock by changing it’s chemical composition.
- rainwater has carbon dioxide dissolved in it, which makes it a weak carbonic acid.
- and carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate.
What is biological weathering ?
Biological weathering- the breakdown of rocks by living things
What is biological weathering and explain how it happens
Hint: burrow, pushing them
- biological weathering, is the breakdown of rocks by living things
- Animals (such as rabbits) burrow into soil on cliff tops
- and plant roots can break down rocks by growing into cracks on their surfaces and pushing them apart
What are the two types of mass movement?
Hint: shifting- in what direction, 🛝
1) sliding- when material shifts in a straight line
2) slumping- when material shifts with a rotation
What is mass movement?
- mass movement, is the shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope.
- and it happens, when the force of gravity acting on a slope is greater than then force supporting it
What is one way how humans have used land, to influence the UK’s landscape ?
- land was concreted over for roads and buildings, which affected drainage patterns
