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Geography-GCSE > Topic 1-Restless Earth > Flashcards

Topic 1-Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the names of the outer most layers of the earth?

A

Oceanic crust and Continental crust.

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2
Q

What is the name of the crust and the upper most layer of mantle together?

A

The lithosphere

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3
Q

What is the name of the layer beneath the lithosphere?

A

The asthenosphere

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4
Q

What are the names of the two main sections of mantle?

A

The upper and lower mantle.

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5
Q

What are the names of the two sections of core and what state are they in (solid,liquid or gas)

A

The outer core (liquid) and the inner core (solid)

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6
Q

How thick is the crust (Specify for each type) and which type of crust is denser?

A

Continental is 30-50km on average and oceanic is 6-8km on average. Oceanic is much denser.

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7
Q

What type of rock makes up most of the continental crust?

A

Mostly made of granite which is low density.

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8
Q

What type of rock makes up the oceanic crust?

A

Mostly igneous rock which is very dense

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9
Q

Why is the inner core solid?

A

Because of the immense pressure

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10
Q

How far would you have to travel to get to: the outer core, the inner core and the centre of the earth?

A

2900km, 5100km, 6378km

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11
Q

Why do the tectonic plates move?

A

Because of convection currents in the earth.

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12
Q

Describe how convection currents inside the earth work.

A

Heat from the core warms the magma in the mantle which then rises before cooling at the surface and falling again.

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13
Q

What causes the heat in the core?

A

Radio active decay

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14
Q

Who is Alfred Wegener and what was his theory?

A

A German scientist who proposed the idea of plate tectonics and continental drift at the beginning of the last century. His theory was that drifting continents collided together causing them to crumple and fold into mountains however it took 50 years for his theory to be expected.

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15
Q

What was the name of the first super continent?

A

Pangea

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16
Q

How did scientists know that Pangea existed?

A

Identical rocks and fossils dating back 250 million years have been found in West Africa and Southern America, so they must once have been connected.

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17
Q

What happened to Pangea?

A

Pangea started to split apart about 200 million years ago, since then plate tectonics have moved the plates into the position they are in today.

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18
Q

What is the Inner core made of?

A

Iron

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19
Q

What is the continental shelf?

A

The area of seabed around a large mass of land where the sea is relatively shallow.

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20
Q

Name three tectonic plates.

A

Eurasian plate, North American plate, Nazca plate.

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21
Q

Name a destructive plate boundary.

A

The Pacific ring of fire.

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22
Q

Name a constructive plate boundary.

A

Mid-Atlantic ridge.

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23
Q

Name a collision plate boundary.

A

The Himalayas.

24
Q

Name a conservative plate boundary.

A

The San Andreas fault line.

25
Q

Why does the UK have no active volcanoes?

A

The UK has no active volcanoes because it is not located on a plate boundary, it is in the middle of the Eurasian plate.

26
Q

What is the most violent type of plate boundary?

A

The destructive plate boundary

27
Q

How do the plates move in a constructive plate boundary? Are there earth quakes and how violent are they?

A

Two plates move away from each other and magma rises to fill the gap forming new land. They are less violent and have weak earthquakes.

28
Q

How do the plates move in a destructive plate boundary? Are there earth quakes and how violent are they?

A

The oceanic crust is subducted under the continental crust, the melted oceanic plate melts and rises through cracks in the crust , when the magma reaches the surface it forms a volcano. They cause violent eruption and may cause earthquakes.

29
Q

How do the plates move in a conservative plate boundary? Are there earth quakes and how violent are they?

A

The two plates slide past each other or move in the same direction at different speeds. Pressure builds up along the fault and if the plates suddenly jerk free earthquakes are caused. There are no volcanoes.

30
Q

How do the plates move in a collision plate boundary? Are there earth quakes and how violent are they?

A

Two types of the same plate move together, the plates buckle and create fold mountains. There are no volcanoes but earthquakes are common.

31
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock from deep within the Earth.

32
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A hot avalanche of gas,ash,cinders and rocks that rush down the slopes of a volcano after an explosive eruption.

33
Q

What is lava?

A

Molten magma when it erupts at the surface.

34
Q

What is a crater? (Of a volcano.)

A

The hollow at the mouth of a volcano.

35
Q

What is a vent (in a volcano)?

A

The opening through which lava flows from a volcano.

36
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A mudflow where water is mixed with volcanic ash.

37
Q

Name five ways government prepare for volcanic eruptions.

A

Emergency supplies (tent, food, water) are gathered, exclusion zones are created around the volcano with strict access, good communication systems are put in place (if they are not already there) to alert locals, emergency services are put on stand by and people are ready to evacuate residence with a clear plan.

38
Q

Name the two different types of lava and there properties.

A

Acid lava is viscous and basic lava is runnier.

39
Q

What type of volcano does acid lava make, on what plate boundary can these volcanoes be found and what are the characteristics of these volcanoes?

A

Composite cone volcanoes are found on destructive plate boundaries, they have steep sides, irregular eruptions and are made of alternating layers of lava and ash.

40
Q

What type of volcano does basic lava make, on what plate boundary can these volcanoes be found and what are the characteristics of these volcanoes?

A

Shield cone volcanoes are found on constructive plate boundaries, they have flat sides and wide bases and have regular but not particularly violent eruptions.

41
Q

Name two examples of shield volcanoes.

A

Mauna Loa and Helkla.

42
Q

Name two examples of composite volcanoes.

A

Mt St Helens and Mt Etna.

43
Q

What is a caldera volcano?

A

A volcano with a crater of over a mile in diameter. They are created when so much lava erupts (when yellow stone erupted it was x1000 more powerful than Mt St Helens) that the magma chamber is emptied and the summit of the volcano collapses in on it’s self. Often you can not tell you are standing on the crater of a caldera volcano because it is level.

44
Q

What are the advantages of living near a volcano?

A

Fertile soil, hot springs for bathing, heat used to generate electricity, minerals in the soil (boxite), mud for skin care, they build new land, gold, silver, copper, tourist attractions.

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of living near a volcano?

A

Destruction of vegetation, loss of wildlife, severe injury, people living in fear, dangerous gasses, disease, fire ,avalanche, death.

46
Q

What is a seismometer used for?

A

They are instruments that measure movement in the ground, the seismometers must be placed in the earth before data is collected, the data can tell you when and how large the motion was. They monitor earthquakes which increase as magma rises.

47
Q

What is a thermal imaging camera used for?

In predicting volcanoes

A

They help you see the temperature of the ground which increases as the magma rises, it makes it easy to see new cracks and landslide scars. This data is used to predict an eruption and how it might happen (vertical or lateral).

48
Q

Which type of plate boundary produces the strongest earthquakes? Give an example of this type of plate boundary.

A

Conservative plate boundaries. San Andreas fault line.

49
Q

How are earthquakes measured?

A

By the Richter scale.

50
Q

What other natural disaster can an earthquake trigger (other than a volcano)?

A

A tsunami.

51
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the earths surface directly above the focus.

52
Q

What are shock waves?

A

Seismic waves generated by earthquakes.

53
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A sudden and brief period of intense ground shaking.

54
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point in the earth’s crust where the earthquake originates.

55
Q

What is the Richter scale?

A

A scale which measures earthquakes based on scientific recordings of the amount of movement.

Geography-GCSE (6 decks)

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