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Biology AS Unit 2 - Organisms And Biodiversity > Topic 1 - Principles Of Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Principles Of Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What do Animal tissues obtain

A

Oxygen from the air
Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids from ingested food
Water

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2
Q

What do Animal tissues remove

A

Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste

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3
Q

What do Plant tissues obtain

A

Oxygen from the air, especially at night
Carbon dioxide from the air during the day
Inorganic ions from the soil solution
Water

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4
Q

What does Plant tissues remove

A

Either carbon dioxide or oxygen, depending on the time of day

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5
Q

When does exchange of substances occur

A

When the substances are moist and permeable

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6
Q

How to animals and plants prevent water loss

A

They possess impermeable surfaces

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7
Q

What is the surface area of an organism

A

The surface area is represented by the total number of cells in direct contact with the surrounding environment

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8
Q

What is the volume of an organism

A

The volume is the total three-dimensional space occupied by metabolically active tissues

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9
Q

What is the volume of an organisms determined by

A

It’s demand for metabolites

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10
Q

What is relationship of the surface area-to-volume ratio, and the size of an organism

A

As the organisms size increases, the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases

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11
Q

Why do larger organisms need specialised permeable surfaces for gaseous exchange

A

The small surface area is unable to supply the demand for oxygen to all parts of the body

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12
Q

What is gas exchange

A

The process by which oxygen reaches cells and carbon dioxide is removed from them

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13
Q

What is respiration

A

The release or energy from food to synthesise ATP in all living cells

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14
Q

What does an organism with a high metabolic rate have

A

A high requirement for oxygen, and therefore posses specialised, large gas exchange surfaces

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15
Q

When does an organism require specialised absorptive surfaces

A

If it’s terrestrial, large or has a high metabolic rate

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16
Q

Give 3 methods of Increasing the are of an absorptive surface

A

Evagination (outfolding) of the surface
Invagination (infolding) of the surface
Flattening of the organism

17
Q

Give 5 absorptive surfaces in plants and mammal

A 
Leaf mesophyll
Root hairs
Alveoli
Capillaries 
Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes
18
Q

What is the structure of the leaf mesophyll

A

The leaf is a flattened structure (its thinness ensures a short diffusion distance) with a tightly packed upper palisade mesophyll layer and a loosely packed lower spongy mesophyll layer

19
Q

What is the function of the Leaf Mesophyll

A

The wide expanse of palisade tissue is efficient at trapping light; the loose arrangement of the spongy layer provides an air space system through the leaf and creates a huge surface for gas exchange

20
Q

What is the structure of Root Hairs

A

Tubular extensions of the epidermal cells of the young root

21
Q

What is the function of root hairs

A

Increase greatly the surface area of the root for the uptake of oxygen, water and ions

22
Q

What is the structure of Alveoli

A

Small sacs, occurring in clusters and in vast numbers within the mammalian lung; in human lungs there are 700 million, proving a total surface area of 70m^2

23
Q

What is the function of the Alveoli

A

The huge, moist surface area provides for efficient gas exchange; alveolar walls are thin, so the diffusion distance is short

24
Q

What is the structure of capillaries

A

Small, thin-walled blood vessels, with a total length of 100000km^2 and surface area of 1000m^2 in the human body

25
Q

What is the function of Capillaries

A

Extensive networks throughout the body represent a huge surface area for exchange of molecules between blood and body tissues; the number and distribution of capillaries are such that no cell is further than 50micrometres from a capillary

26
Q

What is the structure of Red Blood Cells

A

Small, flexible biconcave discs, flattened and depressed in the centre, with a dumbbell-shaped cross-section

27
Q

What is the function of red blood cells

A

The biconcave disc greatly increase the surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient uptake of oxygen; the thinness of the cell, particularly where it is depressed in the centre, allows oxygen to diffuse to all the Haemoglobin packed into the cell

28
Q

When will net movement of molecules occur

A

If there is a difference in the concentration of molecules within an area

29
Q

What is mass flow

A

The transport of substances in large organisms in lather groups, swept in the same direction

30
Q

Give 4 examples of mass flow systems

A

Xylem system
Phloem system
Breathing system
Blood Circulatory system

31
Q

How does the Xylem system generate pressure

A

Tension in the leaf xylem generated by the transpirational loss of water from leaves

32
Q

How does the Phloem system generate pressure

A

Movement is driven by energy from the plant

33
Q

How does the Breathing system generate pressure

A

Pressures in the thorax are alternately decreased and increased

34
Q

How does the Blood Circulatory system generate pressure

A

High pressure is generated by the muscular pressure

35
Q

What is the function of the Xylem system

A

One-way transport of water and ions from roots to leaves in a flowering plant

36
Q

What is the function of the Phloem system

A

Two-way flow of organic solutes in a flowering plant

37
Q

What is the function of the Breathing system

A

Ventilation of the mammalian lungs, whereby air is alternately drawn in and forced out

38
Q

What is the function of the Blood Circulatory system

A

Circulation of blood carrying oxygen, glucose, amino acids, fats, carbon dioxide, urea in a mammal

Biology AS Unit 2 - Organisms And Biodiversity (6 decks)

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