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Chemistry > Topic 1 - Particles & Mixtures > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Particles & Mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of Solids

A
  • Strong forces of attraction
  • Held in fixed lattice structure
  • Keeps definite shape & volume
  • vibrate in fixed position
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2
Q

Features of Liquids

A
  • Weak forces of attraction
  • Free to move
  • Compact
  • Definite volume, shape can change
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3
Q

Features of Gases

A
  • Very weak forces of attraction
  • No definite shape or volume
  • constantly moving randomly
  • free to move
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4
Q

Process of Melting

A

Increased temperature
solid -> liquid
particles gain kinetic energy and break free of lattice

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5
Q

Process of Boiling

A

Increased temperature
liquid -> gas
particles gain kinetic energy and break bonds completely

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6
Q

Process of Condensing

A

Decreased temperature
gas -> liquid
particles dont have enough energy to overcome forces and become liquid

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7
Q

Process of Freezing

A

Decreased temperature
liquid -> solid
particles dont have enough energy to overcome forces and become solid

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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9
Q

Three diffusion practicals

A
  1. Bromine gas
    - test tubes separated by glass plate, glass plate is removed, gas distributes across
  2. Potassium Manganate
    - lump will sink to bottom, colour spreads out as particles diffuse, eventually will evenly distribute
  3. HCl & NH3 cotton wools
    - soak two cotton wools in HCl and NH3, see where white ring forms, ring is closer to HCl as particles are smaller
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10
Q

Solute

A

Substance that dissolves in the solvent

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11
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid the solute dissolves in

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12
Q

Solution

A

Mixture of solute and solvent

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13
Q

Saturated Solution

A

Solution in which maximum amount of solute has dissolved

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14
Q

Solubility

A

Maximum amount of substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature

measured in g/100g

as temperature increases, solubility increases

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15
Q

Charge of Proton

A

+1

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16
Q

Charge of Electron

A

-1

17
Q

Mass of Protons & Neutrons

A

1

18
Q

Charge of Neutron

A

Neutral

19
Q

Relative atomic mass equation

A

Relative atomic mass = (abundance of isotope 1 x mass of isotope 1) + (abundance of isotope 2 x mass of isotope 2) / 100

20
Q

Molecule

A

Held together by 2 or more atoms by chemical bonds

E.g. O2, N2, Cl2

21
Q

Compound

A

Made from two or more elements by chemical bonds

E.g. Hydrogen Sulfate (H2SO4)

22
Q

Mixture

A

Made from two or more elements NOT chemically bonded

E.g. seawater

23
Q

Filtration

A

Insoluble solids from liquids

  • ## filter paper has small holes large enough to allow water to pass, but not solids
24
Q

Evaporation

A

Soluble solids from liquids (solution)

  • place solution in evaporating dish/crucible
  • slowly heat with bunsen burner
  • solvent evaporates
  • crystals form as it is concentrated
25
Q

Crystallisation

A
  • place solution in evaporating dish
  • once crystals form, leave to cool
  • filter out crystals from solution using filter paper
  • blot crystals dry
26
Q

Paper Chromatography

A

used to separate substances in a mixture (e.g. dyes in ink)

  1. take filter paper, draw baseline with a pencil
  2. add ink to baseline
  3. fill beaker with solvent
  4. dip bottom of paper in solvent without submerging ink
  5. Place lid to stop solvent from evaporating
  6. watch as dyes travel up paper

* ink components = MOBILE PHASE
* paper = STATIONARY PHASE

27
Q

Rf Values

A

distance travelled by substance / distance travelled by solvent

28
Q

Simple Distillation

A
  • liquid from solution
  • solution heated using bunsen burner
  • liquid in mixture evaporates into gas
  • gas is cooled by water jacket and condenses into liquid, flowing into beaker
29
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

liquids with different boiling points from solution
- same as simple, except it passes through fractionating column which increases surface area

Chemistry (6 decks)

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