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Biology > Topic 1 ~ Lifestyle Health Risk > Flashcards

Topic 1 ~ Lifestyle Health Risk Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration by random movement of molecules

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2
Q

Why do only small animals have an open circulatory system

A

Movement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other products carried by blood relies on diffusion in animals with an open circulatory system. Diffusion is only fast enough for small organisms.

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3
Q

What are the advantages of having a double circulatory system

A

Blood can pass slowly through region where gaseous exchange takes place maximising transfer of oxygen and CO2 and then be pumped around the rest of the body enabling organism to be active

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4
Q

Definition of a polar molecule

A

A molecule with unevenly distributed electrical charge (H2O)

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5
Q

What are the properties of water

A
  • it’s a dipole so slightly positive end is attracted to the negative end with hydrogen bonding resulting in cohesion
  • can act as a solvent as many chemicals easily dissolve in it except non polar hydrophobic substances
  • high specific heat capacity so warms and cools slowly
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6
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thicker walls
  • more collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  • no valves

(High pressure blood from heart)

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7
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A
  • wide lumen
  • thinner walls
  • less collagen, smooth muscles and elastic fibres
  • has valves

(Low pressure blood to the heart)

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8
Q

Describe atrial systole

A

The atria contact, opening the atrioventricular valves, forcing blood into the ventricles

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9
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract, opening the semilunar valves, forcing blood out the pulmonary arteries and aorta

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10
Q

Describe diastole

A

Elastic recoil as the heart relaxes causes low pressure in the heart, helping refill the chambers with blood

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11
Q

Process of atherosclerosis

A
  • the endothelium becomes damaged
  • inflammatory response where white blood cells move into the artery wall accumulating chemicals and cholesterol from blood creating atheroma
  • calcium salts build up causing plaque formation, artery becomes less elastic
  • lumen becomes narrow causing higher blood pressure
  • positive feedback occurs
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12
Q

Why do arteries get atherosclerosis

A

Because they contain fast flowing blood under high pressure

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13
Q

Definition of thrombosis

A

Blood clotting

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14
Q

Definition of myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

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15
Q

Process of thrombosis (clotting cascade)

A
  • platelets stick to damaged wall and to each other, forming platelet plug
  • thromboplastin is released from damaged vessel with calcium and vitamin K
  • activates an enzyme to convert prothrombin into thrombin
  • catalyses conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
  • mesh of fibrin forms, trapping blood cells, forming a clot
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16
Q

How could atherosclerosis cause heart attack

A
  • narrowing of coronary arteries limits blood flow
  • limiting oxygen to the heart muscles
  • muscles forced to respire anaerobically producing lactic acid
  • muscle cells will become damaged/die
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17
Q

Definition of risk

A

The probability of occurrence of some unwanted event or outcome

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18
Q

What are cohort studies

A

Studies that follow a large group of people over time to see who develops the disease and who does not.

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19
Q

What are case-control studies

A

Studies that compare histories of a group of people with a disease with a control group who do not have the disease.

20
Q

What are the risk factors of CVD

A
  • diet
  • high blood pressure
  • smoking
  • inactivity
  • genetics
  • gender
  • age
21
Q

How does your diet increase risk of CVD

A

Eating too many saturated fats increases levels of cholesterol in the blood, leading to atheroma formation, blood clotting and heat attacks

22
Q

How does high blood pressure increase risk of CVD

A

High blood pressure can damage the arterial wall increasing atheroma formation

23
Q

How does smoking increase risk of CVD

A

Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke has a high affinity for haemoglobin, reducing the amount of oxygen in tissues, leading to heart attack or stroke

24
Q

Definition of oedema

A

Fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

25
Q

How are monosaccharides joined together

A

Glycosidic bond by condensation reaction

26
Q

What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of

A

Glucose and fructose

27
Q

What monosaccharides is maltose made up of

A

Glucose and glucose

28
Q

What monosaccharides is lactose made of

A

Glucose and galactose

29
Q

How can you split a disaccharide into its monosaccharides

A

Hydrolysis

30
Q

Why are starch and glycogen suitable for energy storage molecules

A
  • They are compact molecules with low solubility in water so they don’t affect the concentration of water in cytoplasm and so don’t affect osmosis between our cells
  • They have numerous side branches allowing them to be easily hydrolysed, giving easy access to stored energy
31
Q

What is starch made up of

A

Straight chains of Amylose with 1,4 glycosidic bonds and amylopectin chains that have side branches and 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

32
Q

What is starch

A

The storage carbohydrate found in plants

33
Q

What is glycogen

A

Storage carbohydrate in animals, bacteria and fungi

34
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Polymers of glucose linked by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Similar structure to amylopectin

35
Q

Structure of a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule linked by Ester bond through condensation reactions

36
Q

Definition of saturated fats

A
  • contain maximum number of hydrogen atoms so no more can be added
  • hydrocarbon chain is long and straight
  • no C=C
37
Q

Why are saturated fats solid at room temp but unsaturated fats are liquid

A

Saturated are straight chains so can pack closely together, forming strong IMF
Unsaturated have C=C causing a kink preventing them from packing close together

38
Q

What is cholesterol

A

Lipid that’s essential for good health made from saturated fats

39
Q

What is BMI and how do you calculate

A

Body mass index is a method of classifying body weight relative to height
BMI= body mass/height^2

40
Q

What is a better method than BMI

A

Waist to hip ratio

41
Q

Definition of LDLs

A

Low-density lipoproteins
(Bad cholesterol)
Circulate in the bloodstream and bind to receptor sites on cell membranes, taken up by the cells and involved in synthesis and maintenance of cell membrane
Excess overloads receptors causing high blood cholesterol levels increasing risk of atheromas

42
Q

Definition of HDLs

A

High-density lipoprotein
(Good cholesterol)
Has higher percentage of protein then cholesterol
Transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver where it’s broken down, lowering blood cholesterol levels, removing atheromas

43
Q

What are antihypertensives and their side effects

A

Medicine used to reduce high blood pressure by reducing the amount of sodium in the blood.
This reduces risk of atheromas but increases heart rate, causes headaches and drowsiness

44
Q

What are statins and their side effects

A

Medicine that reduces cholesterol in the blood reducing risk of CVD
Has side effects of muscle pain, diabetes, headaches and nose bleeds

45
Q

What are anticoagulants/platelet inhibitory drugs and their side effects

A

Medicine that reduces blood clotting reducing risk of CVD

Has side effects of rashes, nausea and excessive bleeding

Biology (7 decks)

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