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Biology Paper 1 > Topic 1 – Key Concepts in Biology-Cells And Microscopy > Flashcards

Topic 1 – Key Concepts in Biology-Cells And Microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

state the two types of cell

A

eukaryotic (animals and plants) and prokaryotic

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2
Q

what is difference between eurkaryotic and prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic cell contains nucleus and membrane bound organelles. a prokaryotic bound organelle

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3
Q

list components of both plants and animals

A 
nucleus 
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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4
Q

how is genetic information stored in eukaryotic cell

A

within nucleus arranged in chromsomes

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5
Q

other then storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls cellular activites

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6
Q

describe structure of cytoplasm

A

fluid component of cell

contain organelles enzymes dissolved ions and nutrients

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7
Q

what is function of cell membrane

A

controls entry and exit of materials into and out of the cells

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8
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

sits of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP (Energy) is produced

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9
Q

what is function of ribosomes

A

joins amino acids in a specific order during translation

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10
Q

what organelles are found in plant cells only

A

large permanent vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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11
Q

what is cell wall made off

A

celluose

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12
Q

what is function of cell wall?

A

provide strength

provide cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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13
Q

what does permanent vacuole contain?

A

solution of salts, sugars and organic acids

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14
Q

what is function of permanent vacuole?

A

supporting cell, maintain its turgidity

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15
Q

what is function of chlorplasts

A

site of photosynthsis

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16
Q

when looking at a cell using light microscope why are chloroplasts green?

A

contain chlorophyll a green pigment

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17
Q

list organelles found in prokaryotic cells

A 
chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cell wall
Cell membrane
ribosomes
flagella
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18
Q

how is genetic information stored in prokaryotic cell?

A

found free within cytoplasm as:
chromosomal DNA
plasmid DNA

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19
Q

What are plasmids?

A

small circular loops of DNA found free in cytoplasm and separate from main DNA
carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g. antibiotic resistance

20
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

peptidoglycan

21
Q

what is a flagellum

A

long rotating whip like protrusion, enables bacteria to move

22
Q

what is a haploid cell

A

cell contains single copy of each chromosome, 23 chromosomes in humans

23
Q

what are gamates

A

reproductive cells, haploid cells

24
Q

describe sexual reproduction in terms of chromosome number?

A

2 haploid gametes fuse

resulting embryo has 2 chromosomes for each gene and 2 copies of each allele dipolid

25
Q

describe how egg cells are adapted to their function

A

haploid nucleus contains genetic material
mitochondria in cytoplasm produce energy for developing embryo
cytoplasm contain nutrients for developing embryo
cell membrane hardens after fertilisation, preventing entry of other sperm, ensuring zygote is diploid

26
Q

describe how sperm cells are adapted to their function

A

haploid nucleus contain genetic information
tail enable movement
mitochondria provide energy for tail movement
acrosome contain enzymes that digest egg cell membrane

27
Q

where are ciliated epithelial found?

A

found lining the surface of structures such as respiratory tract and uterus.

28
Q

describe function of ciliated epithelial cells lining the airway

A

move in synchronised waves to beat mucus (dirt and pathogens) up to the back of throat where it can be swallowed.

29
Q

what is magnification

A

numbers of time bigger an image appears compared to size of speciman

30
Q

how can total magnification of an image be found from lens power?

A

total magnification= eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

31
Q

how can the magnification of an image be calculated?

A

size of image/size of specimen

32
Q

what is resolution?

A

smallest distance between 2 objects that can be distinguished

33
Q

how does a light microscope work?

A

passes beam of light through specimen which travel through eyepiece lens, allowing specimen to be observed.

34
Q

what are advantages of light microscopes?

A

inexpensive
easy to use
portable
observe both dead and living organisms

35
Q

what is disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

limited resolution

36
Q

how does an electron microscope work?

A

uses beam of electrons which focused using magnets. electrons hit fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

37
Q

name 2 types of electrons

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

38
Q

what is advantage of electron microscope?

A

greater magnification and resolution

39
Q

why do electron microscopes have greater have greater resolution and magnification?

A

use a beam of electrons which has shorter wavelength than photons of light

40
Q

how have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop understanding of cells?

A

allow small sub cellular structures to be observed in detail

enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function

41
Q

what are disadvantages of electron microscope?

A

expensive
large so less portable
requires training to use
only dead specimens can be observed.

42
Q

how do you convert m to mm?

A

x10^3

43
Q

how do you convert m to um

A

x10^6

44
Q

how do you convert m to nm?

A

x10^9

45
Q

how do you convert from m to pm?

A

x10^12

46
Q

write 0.005 in standard form

A

5x10^-3

Biology Paper 1 (17 decks)

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