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KPE 363 Neural Basis of Human Movement > Topic 1 - Introduction to Movement > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Introduction to Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Passive Movement

A

Movement resulting from forces that are external to the body

Ex. Gravity, supportive devices, another body

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2
Q

Active Movement

A

Movements resulting from muscular contractions

  • passive movements can lead to active movements (ex. Stretch reflex)
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3
Q

Reflex Action

A

Involuntary

Stereotyped response to specific stimulus

Amp of response = amp of stimulus

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4
Q

Voluntary Action

A

Response that is a result of high-order cognitive processing

Result of a flexible & variable neural network

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5
Q

Characteristics of reflex action

A

Short latency

Stereotyped (you can predict response based on stimulus)

Conscious awareness does not lrocede response

Involuntary

Response determined by stimulus

Innate (born with reflex response)

Generally protective in purpose

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6
Q

Characteristics of voluntary action

A

Longer latency

Not stereotyped (adaptable/ can be novel)

Conscious awareness before response

Voluntary

Response related, but not determined by stimulus

Learned (not innate)

Can be protective or harmful

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7
Q

3 other types of actions (not relfexice or voluntary)

A
  1. Fixed-action pattern
  2. Preprogrammed responses
  3. Rhythmic motor patterns
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8
Q

Fixed-Action Pattern

A

Not in humans, typically in invertebrates

Relatively stereotyped… fixed latency behaviour triggered by a stimulus

Innate

Amp of response not related to amp of stimulus

Response sometimes not related to stimulus

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9
Q

Preprogrammed Responses

A

Voluntary actions stored in the CNS and then triggered by a stimulus
(Driving car example.. start-react effect)

Shorter latency than voluntary responses but longer than true reflexes

Amp of responses no relayed to amp of stimulus

Actions sometime not related to stimulus

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10
Q

Rhythmis Motor Patterns

A

Initiated and temrinated with boluntary command

Once initiated, sequence of contractions are relatively stereotyped and continue in an almost automatic (involuntary) manner

  • ex gait locomotion when walking
  • once you start walking things begin to feel automatic
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11
Q

Cognitive/reduction Approach to Understanding Movement

A

Whole is equal to the sum of the parts

Function is derived from understanding the characteristics of the elements

Once you understand individual elements, you can understand whole system

Ex. Compare person with lesion to certain brain area to someone without lesions and compare performance

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12
Q

3 parts of sensation to action loops

A
  1. Sensory receptor (PNS)
  2. Integration (CNS)
  3. Effectir (PNS)
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13
Q

Feedback Loop (9)

A
  1. Sensory receptors and nerves (PNS)
  2. Stimulas ID (CNS)
  3. Response selection (CNS)
  4. Response programming (CNS)
  5. Motor Plan
  6. SC (CNS)
  7. Peripheral Nerve (PNS)
  8. Muscles
  9. Action/Output
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14
Q

What 2 systems generate a feedback loop?

A
  1. Proprioceptive system (from muscle)

2. Visual system (from eyes)

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15
Q

3 parts of executive functioning

A
  1. Stimulus ID
  2. Response selection
  3. Response programming
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16
Q

4 rules of a Motor Unit

A
  1. Each MU has one MN
  2. One MN innervates many muscle fibres
  3. Each muscle fibre is innervatee by only one MN
  4. Only one kind of muscle fibre per MU
17
Q

3 types of extrafusal fibres innervated by alpha MNs

A
  1. Slow twitch (type 1)
  2. Fast twitch fatigue resistant (type II a)
  3. Fast twitch fatigable (type II b)

Main contributer to movement / muscle force

18
Q

Intrafusal and gamma MN fxn

A

Role in adjusting sensitivtynof muscles spindles, activation of intrafusal fibre does not lead to muscle force generation

  • proprioception
  • stretch reflex
19
Q

During voluntary movements, are both alpha and gamma MNs activated?

A

Yes

20
Q

Why are slow Twicth fibres (I) recruited first?

A
  1. Smaller components
    - smaller cell bodies mean less synaptic output needed to reach action potential threshold
  2. Slower transmission
  3. Small contraction force bc they are smaller muscles fibres
  4. Slower contraction speed
21
Q

Why are fast fatigable (IIb) recruited last

A
  1. Larger components
    - bigger cell bodies need more synaptic inlut to reach threshold
  2. Faster nervous transmission
    - larger diameter means faster transmission
  3. Fast contraction speed
  4. Larger contraction force bc larger muscles
22
Q

3 burst of Triphasic EMG

A
  1. Agonist (prime mover)
    - initial burst to start the movement
  2. Antagonist
    - burst to slow down movement as gosl location is approached
  3. Agonist
    - burst to finish the movement
23
Q

Concentric contraction

A

AGONIST muscle length decreases

24
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

AGONIST muscle length increases

25
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Agonist muscle length doesn’t change

Triphasic EMG pattern present

26
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Agonist muscle length may or may not change… force contraction kept constant

No triphase EMG

27
Q

2 principles of Force generation

A
  1. Order of receuitment (size principle)

2. Force-force variability relationship

28
Q

Force-force variability relationship

A

How well you can produce a target force over and over again

Greater variability when aiming for higher peak force (greater % of max voluntary contraction)

29
Q

Why do you get a distribution in peak force?

A

System noise

Leads to error in recruitment

Random electrical signals that leas to recruitment of random MUs

30
Q

Size principle

A

Size of the MU recruited (combined eith system noise) leads to variability in peak force generation

KPE 363 Neural Basis of Human Movement (12 decks)

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