Topic 1 - Introduction.

Question 1

Gorilla in videos that not recognized cognitive pathway

Answer 1

Knowing something is weird happening. ——>
TOP-DOWN information —->
Eventual output (gorilla). —->
BOTTOM-UP (ppl dancing). ——>
Proximal stimulation of sense organs and neural coding

Question 2

attentional blindness

Answer 2

perception requires attention and that we don’t always see things that are put right in front of us.

Question 3

Conway, Cowan & Bunting (2001) found about 33% of participants could hear their own name across a crowded room when attending to another conversation.

They suggested that these individuals have

Answer 3

differences in working memory and the ability to inhibit distracting information

Question 4

Strayer and colleagues have spent considerable time looking into the dual-task decrements associated with driving and mobile phone use. It may surprise you to learn that their evidence suggests that the use of a hands-free mobile phone leads to the

Answer 4

same driving problems as a non-hands free.

Question 5

Cognition is generally a combination of these processes

Answer 5

Perception 
Attention
Language 
Memory
Reasoning
Decision making

Question 6

A subset of information must be first acquired through out sensory systems, and this information must also be reliably stored. Which subsets?

Answer 6

• PERCEPTION
• ATTENTION
• MEMORY

Question 7

The info acquired from sensory systems and stored is then

Answer 7

manipulated, compared and contrasted. Outcomes are expressed verbally and non-verbally.

• DECISION MAKING
• REASONING
• LANGUAGE

Question 8

Descartes thought the interaction between the physical and the mental took place at the…

Was he right?

Answer 8

pineal gland, a small tear-shaped structure towards the back of the head.

he was WRONG.

Question 9

was the pineal gland was rejected and the seat of interaction between physical and mental events?

What does it do then?

Answer 9

Yes,

Responsible for production of hormones

Question 10

monism

Answer 10

treats the MIND as a product of the BRAIN. and associates mental changes with changes in the physical brain state.

Question 11

Introspection

Answer 11

Observation about one’s own mental state and emotional processes (recalling a memory even)

Question 12

What are processes that fall under introspection

Answer 12

• memory inference
• memory associations
• episodic memory
• semantic memory
• feeling of knowing

Question 13

In fact, the first real Cognitive Psychology experiment was carried out in 1868 by a Dutch ophthalmologist Franciscus Donders. Specifically, he studied

Answer 13

reaction time or mental chronometry.

Question 14

Between simple reactions time and choice reaction time, which is faster?

Answer 14

Simple reaction time (300 ms)

Faster then choice reaction time (400ms)

Question 15

Choice reaction time occurs when

Answer 15

There’s a choice to be made on which action is to be pursued. Slower then simple reaction time.

Question 16

The difference in rxn time between simple reaction time and choice reaction time?

Answer 16

400ms-300ms = 100ms (difference)

Question 17

How are looking at simple reaction time and choice reaction time useful?

Answer 17

A) We can indirectly measure mental events through behaviour

B) We can map out the stages involved in these mental events

C) We can record the total time it takes to complete these mental events

D) By comparing behaviours (and RTs) we look at individual processes

Question 18

We can make inferences about the nature of mental processes by looking at behavioural rates of

Answer 18

success and failure.

Question 19

Cognitive input pathway

Answer 19

Input—>sensory-memory (attention)—-> short-term memory (rehearsal)
—-> output
—-> long-term memory (schemata)
—-> goes back to short-term memory

Question 20

What did behaviourism respond to cognitive psychology

Answer 20

Behaviourism rejects cognitive psych

Question 21

Behaviourism rejected the principles of Cognitive Psychology because:

Answer 21

A) The study of the mind is outside the remit of science

B) Introspection about mental processes is hard to verify

C) The only thing we can reliably measure is behaviour

Question 22

Skinners thought about free will?

Answer 22

That we had non

Question 23

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Watson, 1913)

Answer 23

Fear is just a behavioural predisposition to cry, love a predisposition to kiss, hate a predisposition to attack. We are born with nothing onto which the environment etches its stimulus-response relationships associations.

Question 24

OPERANT CONDITIONING (Skinner, 1938)

Answer 24

Stimulus-response relationships can be strengthened or weakened by the addition and removal of positive and negative outcomes. There is no free-will!

Question 25

ACQUISITION

Answer 25

US-CS associations are not always natural and so can take time to develop. The close temporal proximity of US-CS strengthens the acquisition of the bond.

Question 26

EXTINCTION

Answer 26

If the CS (salivate) stops predicting the US (bell) then the association (and hence the CR) will be extinguished.

However, the association is replaced rather than forgotten.

Question 27

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Answer 27

If the CS-US relationship starts up again, then the CR can return, albeit in a weaker form.

Question 28

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

Answer 28

Maybe the exact CS is missing but a similar kind of CS might elicit the same CR. The organism has generalized.

Question 29

THE LAW OF EFFECT

Answer 29

(Thorndike)
“If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and responses will be strengthened”

Question 30

Is positive punishment. Goof reinforcer to strengthen the bond between CS-CR

Answer 30

No because dog will be confused because of event association.

Question 31

trying to eliminate bad behavioural does not necessarily mean that

Answer 31

it will be replaced by good behaviour.

Question 32

Reinforcement should be used for

Punishment should be used for

Answer 32

Reinforcement should be used for increasing a behaviour

Punishment should be used for decreasing a behaviour (doesnt mean it’ll replace it with a better one tho)

Question 33

Psychology time line

Answer 33

1) 1868 DONDERS Mental Chronometry
2) 1879 WUNDT Psychology Lab
3) 1885 EBBINGHAUS Forgetting Curve
4) 1890 JAMES Psychology Text
5) 1913 WATSON Classical Conditioning
6) 1938 SKINNER Operant Conditioning

Question 34

Chomsky (1959) launched a critique of the behaviourist account of language.

Answer 34

A) Children say things that have never heard “I gruble the blip”

B) Children misapply rules they have learnt “I holded the door open”

Question 35

There were also attacks from behaviourism using their own paradigms. Tolman (1948) observed that

Answer 35

stimulus-response relationships were not sufficient to explain the search behaviour of rates in mazes. Rather the appeal was to a cognitive map.

Question 36

Broadbent (1958) devised a flow-chart to explain how it is we can selectively attend to one conversation in a busy sound world:

Answer 36

INPUT —> selective filter —> content analyzer —-> memory unit —-> output

Question 37

Psych time line part 2

Answer 37

1) 1948 TOLMAN cognitive map
2) 1953 CHERRY attention experiments
3) 1954 IBM first commercial ‘pc’
4) 1958 broadbent flowchart
5) 1959 CHOMSKY verbal behavior review
6) 1967 NEISSER cognitive textbook

Question 38

Participants were shown 200 words and asked to create a mental image for each during fMRI scanning. In a second part, 400 words were presented and participants have to say whether they were OLD or NEW.

Results?

Answer 38

There was greater activity in the perirhinal cortex when producing a mental image for a word that was eventually RECOGNIZED (OLD word as “OLD”) relative to FORGOTTEN (OLD word as “NEW”).