Topic 1 - Introduction. Flashcards
Gorilla in videos that not recognized cognitive pathway
Knowing something is weird happening. ——>
TOP-DOWN information —->
Eventual output (gorilla). —->
BOTTOM-UP (ppl dancing). ——>
Proximal stimulation of sense organs and neural coding
attentional blindness
perception requires attention and that we don’t always see things that are put right in front of us.
Conway, Cowan & Bunting (2001) found about 33% of participants could hear their own name across a crowded room when attending to another conversation.
They suggested that these individuals have
differences in working memory and the ability to inhibit distracting information
Strayer and colleagues have spent considerable time looking into the dual-task decrements associated with driving and mobile phone use. It may surprise you to learn that their evidence suggests that the use of a hands-free mobile phone leads to the
same driving problems as a non-hands free.
Cognition is generally a combination of these processes
Perception Attention Language Memory Reasoning Decision making
A subset of information must be first acquired through out sensory systems, and this information must also be reliably stored. Which subsets?
- PERCEPTION
- ATTENTION
- MEMORY
The info acquired from sensory systems and stored is then
manipulated, compared and contrasted. Outcomes are expressed verbally and non-verbally.
- DECISION MAKING
- REASONING
- LANGUAGE
Descartes thought the interaction between the physical and the mental took place at the…
Was he right?
pineal gland, a small tear-shaped structure towards the back of the head.
he was WRONG.
was the pineal gland was rejected and the seat of interaction between physical and mental events?
What does it do then?
Yes,
Responsible for production of hormones
monism
treats the MIND as a product of the BRAIN. and associates mental changes with changes in the physical brain state.
Introspection
Observation about one’s own mental state and emotional processes (recalling a memory even)
What are processes that fall under introspection
- memory inference
- memory associations
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- feeling of knowing
In fact, the first real Cognitive Psychology experiment was carried out in 1868 by a Dutch ophthalmologist Franciscus Donders. Specifically, he studied
reaction time or mental chronometry.
Between simple reactions time and choice reaction time, which is faster?
Simple reaction time (300 ms)
Faster then choice reaction time (400ms)
Choice reaction time occurs when
There’s a choice to be made on which action is to be pursued. Slower then simple reaction time.
The difference in rxn time between simple reaction time and choice reaction time?
400ms-300ms = 100ms (difference)
How are looking at simple reaction time and choice reaction time useful?
A) We can indirectly measure mental events through behaviour
B) We can map out the stages involved in these mental events
C) We can record the total time it takes to complete these mental events
D) By comparing behaviours (and RTs) we look at individual processes
We can make inferences about the nature of mental processes by looking at behavioural rates of
success and failure.
Cognitive input pathway
Input—>sensory-memory (attention)—-> short-term memory (rehearsal)
—-> output
—-> long-term memory (schemata)
—-> goes back to short-term memory
What did behaviourism respond to cognitive psychology
Behaviourism rejects cognitive psych
Behaviourism rejected the principles of Cognitive Psychology because:
A) The study of the mind is outside the remit of science
B) Introspection about mental processes is hard to verify
C) The only thing we can reliably measure is behaviour
Skinners thought about free will?
That we had non
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Watson, 1913)
Fear is just a behavioural predisposition to cry, love a predisposition to kiss, hate a predisposition to attack. We are born with nothing onto which the environment etches its stimulus-response relationships associations.
OPERANT CONDITIONING (Skinner, 1938)
Stimulus-response relationships can be strengthened or weakened by the addition and removal of positive and negative outcomes. There is no free-will!
ACQUISITION
US-CS associations are not always natural and so can take time to develop. The close temporal proximity of US-CS strengthens the acquisition of the bond.
EXTINCTION
If the CS (salivate) stops predicting the US (bell) then the association (and hence the CR) will be extinguished.
However, the association is replaced rather than forgotten.
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
If the CS-US relationship starts up again, then the CR can return, albeit in a weaker form.
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
Maybe the exact CS is missing but a similar kind of CS might elicit the same CR. The organism has generalized.
THE LAW OF EFFECT
(Thorndike)
“If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and responses will be strengthened”
Is positive punishment. Goof reinforcer to strengthen the bond between CS-CR
No because dog will be confused because of event association.
trying to eliminate bad behavioural does not necessarily mean that
it will be replaced by good behaviour.
Reinforcement should be used for
Punishment should be used for
Reinforcement should be used for increasing a behaviour
Punishment should be used for decreasing a behaviour (doesnt mean it’ll replace it with a better one tho)
Psychology time line
1) 1868 DONDERS Mental Chronometry
2) 1879 WUNDT Psychology Lab
3) 1885 EBBINGHAUS Forgetting Curve
4) 1890 JAMES Psychology Text
5) 1913 WATSON Classical Conditioning
6) 1938 SKINNER Operant Conditioning
Chomsky (1959) launched a critique of the behaviourist account of language.
A) Children say things that have never heard “I gruble the blip”
B) Children misapply rules they have learnt “I holded the door open”
There were also attacks from behaviourism using their own paradigms. Tolman (1948) observed that
stimulus-response relationships were not sufficient to explain the search behaviour of rates in mazes. Rather the appeal was to a cognitive map.
Broadbent (1958) devised a flow-chart to explain how it is we can selectively attend to one conversation in a busy sound world:
INPUT —> selective filter —> content analyzer —-> memory unit —-> output
Psych time line part 2
1) 1948 TOLMAN cognitive map
2) 1953 CHERRY attention experiments
3) 1954 IBM first commercial ‘pc’
4) 1958 broadbent flowchart
5) 1959 CHOMSKY verbal behavior review
6) 1967 NEISSER cognitive textbook
Participants were shown 200 words and asked to create a mental image for each during fMRI scanning. In a second part, 400 words were presented and participants have to say whether they were OLD or NEW.
Results?
There was greater activity in the perirhinal cortex when producing a mental image for a word that was eventually RECOGNIZED (OLD word as “OLD”) relative to FORGOTTEN (OLD word as “NEW”).
