Topic 1: Intro to Cells and Organellse

Question 1

What is the 3 Domain System?

Answer 1

Categorization based on cell type

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya

Question 2

What are the major divisions related to cell types?

Answer 2

• Eukarya are -single-celled or MULTICELLULAR

- Bacteria/Archaea are prokaryotic

Question 3

What is an Archaean?

Answer 3

Extremephile: live at the edge of what we classify as livible

Question 4

What are some similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 4

1. Regulate Metabolism (photosynthesis/cell resp.) and manage cellular energy needs (ATP)
2. Chemical Composition - made of biological Macromolecules
3. Replication and Express genetic material/information to direct cell activities

Question 5

What are the Biological Macromolecules?

Answer 5

1. Protein
2. Lipids
3. Carbs
4. Nucleic Acid

Question 6

What are some differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 6

Eukaryotic Cells contain Organelles

-while the core of almost everything is similar, the specificity is different (house with rooms vs studio)

Question 7

What are Organelles?

Answer 7

Membrane bound structures within the cell with specialized functions

Question 8

Nucleus?

Answer 8

HOUSES DNA
The central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes where DNA replication and Messenger RNA Transcription occur

Question 9

Cytosol?

Answer 9

Aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules

Question 10

Cytoplasm?

Answer 10

All parts of the cell that surround the central nuclear or nucleoid region

Question 11

Ribosome?

Answer 11

ribonucleoprotein particle (2 subunits) that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

Question 12

Difference between Free Ribosomes and Bound Ribosomes?

Answer 12

Free Ribosomes: Function with the cytoplasm (not attached to membrane)
*Tend to stay and function within the cellular cytoplasm

Bound Ribosome: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum

• MAY be secreted from the cell
• May be inserted into membranes
• May function within the endomembrane system

Question 13

Starting with the nucleus, list the organelles in the endomembrane system in the order they appear

Answer 13

Nucleus (envelope) - ER -(vesicles transport to)- Golgi - Lysosome - Plasma Membrane

Question 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 14

Rough ER: Covered in ribosomes

• site of protein synthesis
• BOUND RIBOSOMES
• some modification (folding) to proteins occurs here

Smooth ER: Membrane Recycling (creation of lipids)

• No ribosomes
• specific enzymes here are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis
• detoxifies drugs/poisons (ie liver)
• Carbohydrate and calcium storage (muscle cell)

Question 15

Golgi Complex?

Answer 15

Multiple modifications of proteins occurs (fold, addition of phosphate groups etc)

Question 16

What choices does a protein have at the end of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 16

1. Go to lysosome (plants have vacuoles)
2. Stay in Golgi to work
3. secreted from the cell

Question 17

Lysosome?

Answer 17

Location for Macromolecular digestion

• Essentially a Sac full of hydrolytic enzymes
• Immune System (defence) - engulf bacteria and send to lysosome
• Cell parts (recycling)

Question 18

Mitochondria?

Answer 18

Converts energy into forms that the cell can use
-Cellular Respiration
-Enclosed in two membranes
Outer mitochondrial membrane ( followed by intermembrane space) and inner mitochondrial membrane (followed by matrix)

Question 19

Chloroplast?

Answer 19

Site of photosynthesis
2 membranes
-Outerchloro membrane (followed by innermembrane space) and inner chloro membrane (followed by stroma with stacks of thylakoid)

Question 20

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 20

theory that because the environment was changing, two prokaryotic cells formed a symbiotic relationship with one residing inside the other, both dividing and benefiting from the specialized functions of the other