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Geo 10 > Topic 1 Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Topic 1 Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Explain low pressure

A

Air heated and it rises up, as it’s less dense creating rain clouds

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2
Q

Explain high pressure

A

When air becomes more dense, and so it transfers heat to the ground and falls, leaving little to no rain

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3
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

When because of the earths rotation, the wind is deflected to the right in the northen hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere

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4
Q

Where on the earth receives the least solar radiation, and why

A

The poles as the suns rays have to travel the farthest

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5
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation

A

The process in which warm wind moves around the Earth

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6
Q

Where on earth is there high-pressure?

A

In between Ferrel and Hadley cells

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7
Q

How do ocean currents transfer heat around the Earth

A

Currents caused by winds, help transfer heat away from the equator, through warm water

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a deep, cold current?

A

High salt content and sinks in the sea

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9
Q

What does a warm current have

A

Low salt and so rises up and gains even more heat from the sun

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10
Q

What is natural climate change

A

How average climatic conditions of the planet vary over time naturally

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11
Q

What is the quaternary period

A

Teh last 2.6 million years

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12
Q

What are the four main things that have changed the climate in the past

A

Orbital changes
Asteroids
Volcanoes
Solar output variation

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13
Q

What is eccentricity

A

The change in the way the earth orbits the sun

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14
Q

What is the tilt

A

How the equator has moved places

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15
Q

How can asteroid collisions affect the climate

A

They eject lots of dust into the atmosphere, blocking solar radiation and cooling the earth

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16
Q

How can volcanic activity cause climate change?

A

Volcanic eruptions release ash and sulphur, they can reflect sunlight back into space, lowering the temperature

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17
Q

What are sunspots meaning?

A

It means more solar energy being fired out from the sun

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18
Q

Give three things that give evidence for natural climate change

A

Tree rings, ice cores and historical sources

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19
Q

Is the greenhouse effect natural

A

Yes, because without it, the Earth would freeze and we wouldn’t be able to live on it

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20
Q

How does agriculture cause the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Because due to population growth, there has been a higher amount for food and so forest have been cleared to make room for cattle

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21
Q

How does energy contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

Did the man of electricity growing because of the increasing population, and most of our energy is produced through burning, fossil fuels and burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide

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22
Q

How does transport contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

With cars, becoming more affordable, lots of fuel being used and most transport is fueled by fossil fuels

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23
Q

How does industry contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

As levels are disposable incomes, there is more demand for goods leading to industrial growth, and I need for more energy, resulting in fossil fuels being burnt

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24
Q

How is the global average temperature evidence suggest that human activity is causing climate change?

A

9 out of 10 of the warmest years on record have occurred in the 21st century

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25
Q

How is Arctic sea ice melting evidence for human activity, causing climate change?

A

Increasing global temperatures means that more ice has melted, and so by 2012, floating sea ice had shrunk to less than half in 1979. This cannot be explained by natural causes

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26
Q

How is sea level change evidence for human activity, causing climate change?

A

Since the 1900s, the sea level has increased by 3.2 mm due to thermal expansion as water gets warmer, it expands and takes up more space, meaning that global temperature has been increasing

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27
Q

Why is it so difficult to give precise predictions for the possible consequences of climate change?

A

Because it is very hard to predict the events that will happen in the future. Also, we do not know if countries will really try their best to help the environment.

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28
Q

What is seasonal distribution of tropical cyclones?

A

How tropical cyclones happen at different times of the year

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29
Q

What are ITCZ’s

A

Areas of permanently low pressure

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30
Q

Where are the tropical cyclone source areas?

A

A few degrees north and south of the equator

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31
Q

Describe the eye of the storm

A

The central part of a tropical storm between 30 and 50 km. It is an area of calm with light winds and no rain

32
Q

What does the eye do in a tropical storm?

A

It pulls warm, moist air and the winds rotate outwards at the top

33
Q

What is dissipation in terms of a tropical cyclone?

A

When a tropical cyclone reaches land, it loses energy

34
Q

How does air pressure and heat contribute to a tropical cyclone

A

The lower, the air pressure, the more powerful the wind and heat means that the more intense it will be

35
Q

How does a tropical cyclone form?

A

Clusters of thunderstorms merge together, creating a tropical cyclone. It eventually picks up heat from the sea and grows

36
Q

Why are young and old people vulnerable to tropical cyclones?

A

Because they rely on other peoples help

37
Q

Why is flat land so vulnerable to tropical cyclones

A

Because the waves created by the tropical cyclone won’t have to use energy to go uphill and so will go further inland

38
Q

Why are farmers so vulnerable to tropical cyclones?

A

Because it creates coastal flooding and the sea contains a lot of salt and salt contaminates the soil

39
Q

Explain high winds as a hazard of a tropical cyclone and their effect to people and the environment

A

Tropical cyclone produce wind of up to 250 KM per hour trees can be uprooted by the wind, and they can damage or destroy buildings

40
Q

How are landslides a hazard of tropical cyclones

A

Intense rain form, mix soil heavy, and so the soil can no longer stay where it is and slides down, destroying anything below

41
Q

What can storm surges do and what are they

A

Waves of displaced water and they can erode beaches and coastal habitats and contaminate, farmland and fresh water

42
Q

What are storm surges?

A

When a tropical cyclone rises the sea level due to the low pressure and due to high winds water is forced inland

43
Q

How can countries respond to tropical cyclones?

A

With search and rescue teams, aid and repair and reconstruction of homes and infastructure

44
Q

How can building design be used to prepare for a tropical cyclone?

A

To make a high wind and hurricane resistant home, so that the impact of a tropical storm won’t do as much

45
Q

How forecasting and tracking help prepare for a tropical storm?

A

It will help people have more time to evacuate, and know when they tropical storm is coming

46
Q

How does warning and evacuation help reduce the impact of tropical cyclone?

A

Because people have much more time, and so kind of evacuate, leading to less deaths and injuries

47
Q

Give a example of a tropical cyclone in a developed country and a developing country

A

Hurricane Katrina in south east, USA, and cyclone in Myanmar

48
Q

What was the USA’s weakness in hurricane Katrina?

A

Their embankments and water pumps weren’t properly maintained, and so didn’t work

49
Q

What was Myanmar’s weakness, In its tropical storm cyclone nargis

A

The mangrove forest that protected lots of land were mostly cut down

50
Q

Name all the characteristics of the mantle

A

The largest part of the Earth layer and is semi molten

51
Q

Name the two types of crust

A

Continental and oceanic

52
Q

Name the characteristics of continental crust

A

Is Omland and is 30 to 50km, less dense it is mostly made of granite

53
Q

Give the characteristics of oceanic crust

A

Under the ocean, 6 to 8 km is made of basalt but is dense

54
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The surface of the Earth

55
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The upper part of the mantle

56
Q

Name the characteristics of the inner core

A

Is made up of iron and nickel and is solid because of the intense pressure, 3700 degrees

57
Q

How do hotspots form volcanoes

A

Because on hotspot, they find weaknesses in the crust and rise up

58
Q

What is a convergent boundary?

A

What two plates are moving towards each other, and oceanic plate is forced under a continental, creating volcano and trenches

59
Q

What happens when two continental plants meet?

A

They collide and the ground folds, creating mountain ranges and fold mountains

60
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary?

A

Where two plates are moving away from each other, creating things like the mid Atlantic Ridge

61
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Where two plates move past each other or in the same direction. Creating violent earthquakes.

62
Q

What are lahars?

A

A destructive mudslide caused by a volcano

63
Q

What is a magma chamber?

A

The source of the molten rock from a volcano

64
Q

Give the characteristics of a composite volcano

A

Forms at a convergent plate. It’s magma has high silica. It’s lava is thick but cannot travel for and it is highly explosive

65
Q

Explain a shield volcano

A

Forms along a divergent margin over a hotspot. It has low silica, fast, flowing, and is lowly explosive

66
Q

Explain a hotspot volcano

A

A region in the mantle, where that is superheated rock. Moon rises and fins weaknesses in the crust and forms a volcano.

67
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

A series of ocean waves usually caused by volcanoes or earthquakes under the ocean and this displaces lots of water

68
Q

How can you see if a tsunami is coming?

A

If water retreats back on the beach, much further than normal

69
Q

Give an example of a tsunami

A

Indian ocean 2004 boxing day tsunami

70
Q

Name an earthquake case study in a developed country and developing country 

A

Tohoku Japan 2011
Haiti 2010

71
Q

Name the magnitude of the Tohoku earthquake and Haiti earthquake

A

Tohoku 9.0
Haiti 7.0

72
Q

What was the greatest impact for the Tohoku earthquake?

A

Tsunami because Japan didn’t expect it to be so powerful and so cities were breached and lots of buildings were washed away

73
Q

Explain what the greatest impact of Haiti was

A

As Haiti is a poor country, nearly all buildings of poorly built and collapsed easily, even government buildings

74
Q

Name some of the short term relief of the Japan earthquake

A

International aid and rescue and power, transport and communications were restored in weeks

75
Q

Name some short-term relief of the Haiti earthquake

A

Government buildings were destroyed and the port, so they were slow, but international aid was still flown in

76
Q

Name two secondary impacts of the Japan earthquake

A

Hundreds of thousands of buildings were destroyed and the Fukushima meltdown

77
Q

Name two secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake

A

60% of Haiti exports, clothing in factories was damaged

Geo 10 (3 decks)

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