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Biology 107 > Topic 1: Classification of Life > Flashcards

Topic 1: Classification of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of living organisms

A
  • They are organized
  • They have a metabolism
  • They respond to stimuli
  • They reproduce
  • They evolve over time
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2
Q

Entropy:

A

disorder

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3
Q

Do living organisms have high or low entropy?

A

Low entropy, meaning they are highly organized

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4
Q

Who made the Scala Natura, when, and what is it?

A

Aristotle in 384-322 BCE. It was one of the first systems to organize organisms through its complexity.

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5
Q

True or false: All organisms on the planet share a common ancestor.

A

True

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6
Q

In the Scala Natura, who was at the top?

A

God, then the angels, then humans

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7
Q

In the Scala Natura, who was at the bottom?

A

At the bottom were plants

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8
Q

Who formalized our binomial naming system?

A

Carl Linnaens

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9
Q

When was Carl Linnaens first publication?

A

1735

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10
Q

Genus

A

Homo (genus) sapiens

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11
Q

Epithat

A

Homo sapiens (epithat)

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12
Q

Did the systema naturae allow the same genus and epithat in the animal kingdom?

A

Yes. eg; Gorilla gorilla

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13
Q

What is the Acer saccharum?

A

The sugar maple tree

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14
Q

What is the Taxonomic Hierarchy?

A

The relative level of a group of organisms in a taxonomic hierarchy

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15
Q

Should the taxonomic hierarchy reflect evolutionary history?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Levels of taxonomy

A 
Dear - Domain
King - Kingdom
Philip - Phylum
Came - Class
Over - Order
For - Family
Good - Genus
Soup - Species
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17
Q

True or False: Species are more closely related to animals in their group than in another group outside of the genus

A

True

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18
Q

What is the branch of biology (that names classified species into groups of increasing broadness)

A

Taxonomy

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19
Q

What are the broadest units of classification?

A

Domain, then kingdom

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20
Q

Who discovered domain and when was it formalized?

A

Carl Woese in 1971, was created and formalized in 1990

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21
Q

Which kingdom was cancelled and divided into 2 domains

A

the kingdom munera was divided into domain bacteria and domain archaea

22
Q

Kingdoms that did not change?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

23
Q

What are the 3 domains included in the phylogenetic tree of life?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

24
Q

What are the similarities of domain bacteria and domain archaea?

A

They have prokaryotic cells, they are single celled, and they are small

25
Q

What are the differences of domain bacteria and domain archaea?

A

Domain Bacteria:

  • cell wall with peptidoglycan
  • bacteria like ribosomes
  • unbranched phospholipids in membranes

Domain Archaea:

  • cell wall with pseudo-peptidoglycan
  • eukaryotic like ribosomes
  • branched phospholipids in membranes
26
Q

What are the 3 different shapes of domain bacteria?

A
  • cocci (strep)
  • bacilli (lactobacillus)
  • spirilla (syphillus)
27
Q

Characteristics of Escherichia Coli

A
  • In our colon
  • lives in guts
  • provides us with vitamin K
28
Q

Characteristics of domain archaea?

A
  • most are extremophiles (live in extreme environments)
  • acidophile (acid loving)
  • thermophile (heat loving)
29
Q

How does the Scala naturae differ from current understanding in biology?

A

Scala Naturae:

  • ordered by complexity
  • not related to biology

Current:

  • All organisms share a common ancestor
  • Following ancestry is better than complexity
30
Q

Explain systema naturae (what it is, who created it, and when was it created?)

A

This system formalized the binomial naming system of organisms. (Capitalized genus, lowercase epithet)

It was invented by Carl Linnaeus

Its first publication was in 1735

Binomial naming is underlined if handwritten and italicized if typed

31
Q

True or false: Any organism in one of the categories would be the most closely related to another organism of the SAME ranking.

A

True

32
Q

What does the taxonomic hierarchy reflect?

A

Evolutionary History

33
Q

In taxonomy, each level is _________

A

nested

34
Q

What was the taxonomic classification before domain was discovered?

A

Before we formalized that there was domain bacteria and domain archaea, we thought all the organisms (now known as domain) was just prokaryotic organisms that were in one kingdom called Monera

But ever since the discovery, the kingdom munera got canceled and the prokaryotic organisms were split up into two groups

35
Q

What does the domain eukarya consist of?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

36
Q

At the root, there is the last universal common ancestor called the _______

A

Luca

37
Q

Its division occurred

A

2.8 billion years ago into the 3 groups

Bacteria, eukarya and archaea

38
Q

Eukarya and archaea division occurred

A

2.2 billion years ago

39
Q

Explain bacteria based on metabolism, growth area, structure?

A
  • Bacteria have diverse metabolisms
  • They grow anywhere
  • Have limited structural diversity
40
Q

What is an important bacteria (we talked about in the lec) and its function (where it lives, its symbiosis character, vitamin)

A

E Coli

  • typical human symbiont
  • Lives in our guts
  • Provides vitamin k
41
Q

Where are archaea found and explain what this is called?

A

Archaea are found in extreme places suited to its environment (extremophiles)
Ex. acidophile - in acid
Ex. thermophile - in high temp

phile= loves

42
Q

Describe the living condition of Picrophilus torridus (archaea) and where it was discovered

A

Discovered in the sulfur springs of Japan
- High temp
- PH of 0.5
Therefore its a super acidophile and thermophile

43
Q

Explain what each eukaryotic organism is doing to its environment

A

Plants - photosynthesize
Animals - Ingest
Fungi - Absorbs
Protist - Do all

44
Q

Describe the characteristics of all cells based on (membrane, inheritance, and their nutrient source)

A

All cells are

  • Enclosed in a membrane
  • Use DNA as genetic material
  • Have cytosol
45
Q

Describe the characteristics of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells based on (membrane, and size)

A

Eukaryotic:

  • Have a enclosed membrane
  • Have a large nucleus
  • Bigger than prokaryotes (because it evolved)

Prokaryot:

  • No enclosed membrane
  • Smaller than eukaryotes
46
Q

What are the differences between Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells based on (nucleus, chromosome shape, membrane bound organelles, endomembrane system)

A

Eukaryotic:

  • Have nucleus
  • Have linear chromosome
  • Have membrane bound organelles
  • Have endomembrane system

Prokaryot:

  • Have nucleoid
  • Have circular chromosome
  • Don’t Have membrane bound organelles
  • Dont Have endomembrane system
47
Q

Explain horizontal gene transfer from the bacteria to eukarya and how did it occur?

A

Bacteria gave eukarya chloroplasts and mitochondria through endosymbiosis

Horizontal gene transfer: part of bacteria genetics are getting moved to different branches.

48
Q

Explain the endosymbiotic theory

A

Symbiosis: close relationship between two species

Endosymbiosis: one of the species involved in the symbiotic relationship is living inside of the other species.

1) Ancestral eukaryotic/prokaryotic/ancient archaea cell (host cell) engulfs a bacteria/prokaryote that is doing cellular respiration and becomes the mitochondria
2) Ancestral eukaryotic/prokaryotic/ancient archaea cell (host cell) engulfs a bacteria/prokaryote that is doing photosynthesis and becomes the chloroplast

49
Q

How does this engulfing occur

A

Through invaginaitons (folding of the plasma membrane onto itself which creates a bubble)

The engulfing of the bacteria/prokaryote that is doing photosynthesis (chloroplast) gave rise to which eukaryotic organism

50
Q

Just plants and protists have ___________

All Eukaryotic cells have ______________.

A

chloroplast, mitochondria

51
Q

List the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory based on (size, dna, dna shape, division type)

A

Bacteria and chloroplasts

1) Are same size as modern day BACTERIA
2) Have CIRCULAR DNA like prokaryotes
3) Divide by BINARY FISSION like prokaryotes
4) The RIBOSOMES are similar to modern day bacteria than eukaryotic ones

Biology 107 (5 decks)

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