Topic 1 - Cells & Disease Flashcards
How are cells linked to disease?
If the cells aren’t functioning properly, means the tissues are functioning normally, which means that the organ with the system is also affected. The organisms functioning is therefore impairment and leads to Diseases.
Disease
a pathological condition that impairs the proper function of the body or tissues characterised by an identifiable group of signs and symptoms.
Pathogen
an infectious agent that causes disease
Host
an organism infected by another organism
virulence
the relative ability of an agent to cause a rapid and severe disease in a host
endemic
the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area. eg common flu
epidemic
an outbreak of a disease that quickly affects a large number of people. it is more than what is expected in a given time or place.
pandemic
a worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population
What is meant by an emerging ZOONOTIC disease?
A newly appeared disease that has been transmitted from animals through direct contact or food, water, or environment, in a population or has existed but is rapidly increasing in numbers. Eg COVID, Hendra virus
What is meant by an infectious disease?
a disease caused by an infectious agent such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus that can be passed on to others. Eg, small pox
How are infectious diseases spread?
- Airborne (through air)
- Contaminated food and water
- Body fluids
- Direct contact with contaminated objects
- Animal vectors such as insects, birds, etc
How might we reduce the spread of infectious diseases?
- Good personal hygenie
- Quarantine/Isolation
- Protection against mosquitoes
- Vaccines
- Antibiotics
What are cells?
the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. They make up all living things and are the basic unit of life.
What is the cell theory?
- All living things are made up of cells
- Cells are the smallest working units of all living things
- All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division
what are eukaryotic cells
cells that are highly organised with membrane-bound organelles. Posesses a clearly defined nucleous with a nuclear membrane, mitochondria etc;
Organelles specific to Animals
lysosome, centrioles, small vacuoles
organelles specific to plants
cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole, starch grains
Common to both plant and animal cell
nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, rough and smooth ER, Golgi Body, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria
What are the purposes of cells (List 3):
- make things we need
- break things down
- divide so we can grow and repair
Classes of Diseases with Examples
- Genetic: Inherited (Diabetes)
- Biological: due to a biological agent or chemical ( flu, COVID-19 )
- Physical: causes physical signs/symptoms (broken bones, concussion)
- Chemical: exposure to harmful chemicals (excessive UV exposure)
What is an emerging disease?
Infectious diseases that have newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in numbers or geographic range.
Groups of agents that cause disease
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Fungi
What are the 3 phases of infectious disease?
- Incubation Period
- Clinical Phase
- Recovery Phase
What happens in Incubation phase?
the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms
What happens in clinical phase?
a person experiences typical signs and symptoms of disease
What happens in recovery phase?
symptoms have disappeared, tissues heal, and body regains strength
What are prokaryotic cells?
single-celled microorganisms that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes
What are the 3 main types of transmission
- Contact
- Vehicle
- Vector
3 Types of Contact Transmission w/ Examples
- Air Droplets - Coughing, Sneezing
- Indirect - cooking utensils, bedding, and money
- Direct - touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse
3 Types of Vehicle Transmission w/ examples
- Waterborne - Typhoid Fever, Cholera
- Foodborne - Bacterial food poisoning eg; salmonellosis
- Bloodborne - most viral pathogens ( HIV and Hepatitis)
3 Types of Vector Transmission w/ examples
- Fleas - Bacterial Diseases, Bubonic Plague
- Mosquitoes - Malaria
- Ticks - Lyme Disease
