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Biology > Topic 1 Cells And Microscopy > Flashcards

Topic 1 Cells And Microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

State the two types of cells

A

Eukaryotic (animals and plants) and
Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
A prokaryotic cell does not.

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3
Q

List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes.

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5
Q

Other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities.

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

Fluid component of the cell
Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular reactions, eg first stage of respiration.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.

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10
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation.

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11
Q

Which organelles are found in plant cells only (3)?

A

Large, permanent vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplasts

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12
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides strength
Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

A solution of salts, sugars and organic acids.

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity (swollen quality)

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis.

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17
Q

When looking at a cell using a light microscope, why do chloroplasts appear green?

A

Contain chlorophyll, a green pigment.

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18
Q

List the organelles found in prokaryotic cells (6)?

A

Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Flagella

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19
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplasm as:

Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
Plasmid DNA

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20
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages eg antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

(Pep-ti-dog-ly-can)

22
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Long, rotating, “whip-like” protrusion

Enables bacteria to move

23
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes) eg 23 chromosomes in humans.

24
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes) eg 46 chromosomes in humans

Haploid (23) Diploid (46)

25
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells (eg egg and sperm cells)
They are haploid cells

26
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in terms of chromosome number?

A

Two haploid gametes fuse

Resulting embryo has 2 chromosomes for each gene, and 2 copies of each allele (triangle of 3 dots) diploid.

27
Q

Describe how egg cells are adapted to their function?

A

Haploid nucleus: contains genetic material
Mitochondria: in cytoplasm produce energy for the developing embryo
Cytoplasm contains nutrients for the developing embryo
Cell membrane hardens after fertilisation, preventing the entry of other sperm and ensuring the zygote is diploid.

28
Q

Describe how sperm cells are adapted to their function?

A

Haploid nucleus contains genetic information
Tail enables movement
Mitochondria provide energy for tail movement
Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane

29
Q

Where are ciliated epithelial cells found?

A

Found lining the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus.

30
Q

Describe the function of ciliated epithelial cells lining the airways?

A

Move in synchronised waves to beat mucus (containing dirt and pathogens) up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

31
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen.

32
Q

How can the total magnification of an image be calculated from lens powers?

A
33
Q

How can the magnification of an image be calculated?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of specimen

34
Q

What is resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished.

35
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

36
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes? (4)

A

Inexpensive
Easy to use
Portable
Observe both dead and living specimens.

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution.

38
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

39
Q

Name the 2 types of electron microscope?

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

40
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A

Greater magnification and resolution.

41
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

They use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light.

42
Q

How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?

A

Allow small sub-cellular structures (eg mitochondria, ribosomes) to be observed in detail.
Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function.

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes (4)?

A

Expensive
Large so less portable
Require training to use
Only dead specimens can be observed

44
Q

How do you convert from m to mm?

A

X 1000 (x10 3 (3 is superscript))

45
Q

How do you convert from m to um?(um=micromolar)

A

X 1 000 000 (x10 6 (6 superscript))

46
Q

How do you convert from m to nm?

A

X 1 000 000 000 (x10 9(9 is superscript))

47
Q

How do you convert from nm to m?

A

Divide 1 000 000 000 (x10 -9) (-9 is superscript)

48
Q

How do you convert from m to pm?

A

X 1 000 000 000 000 (x10 12) (12 is superscript)

49
Q

Write 0.005 in standard form (higher)

A

0.005 = 5 x 10 -3 (-3 superscript) also red letters over 000

50
Q

Write 10382 in standard form (higher)

A

10382 = 1.0382 x 10 4 (4 superscript) red lines over 10382

51
Q

Convert 1.527 m to um, write your answer in standard form (higher)

A

1.527m x 1000000=1527000 um
1527000 um = 1.527 x 10 6 (6 superscript) um

Biology (7 decks)

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