Topic 1 - Cell biology: Cell Structure Flashcards
Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to
prepare cells to view using a microscope
cover slip
* dye / stain
What is the function of the focus on a microscope
to focus (the image / cells) or improve resolution
Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell
differences:
* red blood cell has no nucleus or plant cell has a nucleus
* red blood cell has no cell wall or plant cell has a cell wall
* red blood cell is a biconcave disc or there are many different
shapes of plant cell
* red blood cell contains haemoglobin or plant cells do not
contain haemoglobin
* red blood cells do not contain chlorophyll or plant cells (may)
contain chlorophyll
Similarities:
ences:
* red blood cell has no nucleus or plant cell has a nucleus
* red blood cell has no cell wall or plant cell has a cell wall
* red blood cell is a biconcave disc or there are many different
shapes of plant cell
* red blood cell contains haemoglobin or plant cells do not
contain haemoglobin
* red blood cells do not contain chlorophyll or plant cells (may)
contain chlorophyll
Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst
water enters
plant cell has cell wall
How is a root hair cell adapted to increase the absorption of substances from the soil
(d) large surface / area for faster osmosis
Describe one feature of the cell that helps it to carry out its function. (nerve cell)
long
* has branches
Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used to prepare antibiotics use on bacteria
sterilise equipment / surfaces (before use)
* (use) sterilised agar
* secure lid of the Petri dish with (adhesive) tape
(d) Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation. (anitbiotics on bacteria)
- repeat and calculate a mean
or use a control disc
(c) Name the cells in a leaf that control the rate of water loss.
guard cells
(e) Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves?
(e) increased humidity
(f) Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue. (6) Structure
xylem is made of dead cells + phloem is made of living cells
* xylem is hollow or xylem does not contain cytoplasm + phloem contains cytoplasm
* xylem contains lignin + phloem does not
Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue. (6) function
xylem transports water / mineral ions
and
phloem transports (dissolved) sugars
* xylem is involved in transpiration
and
phloem is involved in translocation
* xylem transports unidirectionally
and
phloem transports bidirectionally
Give two similarities between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cells
in the diagram above
cytoplasm
* (cell) membrane
* DNA / genetic materia
(b) Give three differences between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic cell is smaller
* prokaryotic cell has plasmids
* prokaryotic cell has no nucleus
Name the type of cell division that produces genetically identical body cells
for growth and repair.
mitosis
Describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle.
Stage 1
DNA / chromosomes replicate / duplicate
sub-cellular structures increase in number
Describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle.
Stage 2
one set of chromosomes is pulled / moved to each end of the cell
Describe what happens during each stage of the cell cycle.
Stage 3
the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two genetically identical cells
Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light
microscope.
(f) high(er) magnification
high(er) resolution or high(er) resolving power
(f) Why might scientists want to clone plants?
(f) to protect endangered plants from extinction
(g) What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture?
(g) plants can be produced quickly
Name one substance in the growth medium.
glucose / sugars / starch
* amino acids / protein
* hormones
What is the function of ribosomes?
c) make / synthesise / produce protein
Explain why the mean rate of water uptake is higher on a hot day than on a
cold day in a plant (3)
(on hot day) more water lost
more transpiration
so more water taken up (by roots) to replace (water) loss (from leaves)
Explain why root hair cells contain mitochondria.
(aerobic) respiration occurs in mitochondria
(mitochondria / respiration) release energy
do not accept energy produced / made / created
(energy used for) active transport
to transport ions, against the concentration gradient
What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria?
electron
