Topic 1 - Cell biology: Cell Division Flashcards
(a) Name the structures inside the cell nucleus that contain DNA.
chromosomes
(c) What type of substances are labelled A, C, G and T in Figure 1?
base
What type of substance does a gene code for?
protein
(h) What is the name of the type of cell division that produces sperm cells?
meiosis
Name the chemical which the genetic material is made from.
DNA
Explain how a transplant of bone marrow cells can help to treat medical
conditions. (2)
(g) (bone marrow) cells differentiate into many / other types of (named) cell
will cure diseases where cells are damaged
(a) Describe three differences between the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
Answers must be comparative:
mitosis produces two (daughter) cells but meiosis produces
four (daughter) cells
- one cell division in mitosis but two cell divisions in meiosis
mitosis produces genetically identical cells, but meiosis
produced genetically different cells
mitosis produces diploid cells but
meiosis produces haploid cells
(b) Describe one similarity between the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
- DNA doubles / copies / replicates (once)
increase in number of mitochondria
(a) Define the term double circulatory system.
blood is pumped to the lungs by one / right side of the heart
and
blood is pumped to the body by the other / left side of the heart
Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less
efficient than having two ventricles. 2 marks
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes
(so) less oxygen reaches the body / tissues / cells
(d) Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen. 4 marks
concentration gradient (of oxygen) is shallow(er) / less steep
(therefore) less oxygen diffuses into blood / cells / gills
so oxygen diffuses out of axolotl’s blood
/ cells / gills
(so) less (aerobic) respiration occurs so less energy is released
anaerobic respiration occurs, lactic acid is produced which is toxic
(f) Name one condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue.
paralysis
* diabetes
Suggest two other advantages of asexual reproduction
faster
many offspring produced
(4)Explain why sexual reproduction is an advantage
genetic variation
better adapted survive
can escape adverse event in original area
many offspring so higher probability some will survive
(a) What is a stem cell? 2
unspecialised cell
that can differentiate (many) other cell types
(b) Give one way a malignant tumour differs from a benign tumour.
invade / spread to other tissues via the blood (benign don’t)
or form secondary tumours
Name two other substances the cells need so they can grow and divide.
glucose
amino acid
Give two advantages of using the stem cell trachea compared with a
trachea from a dead human donor.
no need to wait for a donor
(so) no risk of rejection
Suggest how a stent in the trachea helps to keep the patient alive.
stent opens up the trachea
1
allowing air to flow through
Evaluate the use of stem cells from a patient’s own bone marrow instead of
stem cells from an embryo. 6
embryos advantages
* can create many embryos in a lab
* painless technique
* can treat many diseases / stem cells can become any type of cell
but harm / death to embryo
bone marrow advantages
* no ethical issues / patient can give permission
* can treat some diseases
* procedure is (relatively) safe / doesn’t kill donor
but rejection or infection
* can only treat a few diseases
cell division for bacteria
binary fission
Why would it not be possible to treat a genetic disorder in a child
using his own umbilical cord stem cells?
(iv) stem cells have same faulty gene / allele / DNA / chromosomes
Describe how mycoprotein is produced. 4
fungus / Fusarium
with glucose (syrup)
in aerobic conditions or in presence of oxygen
mycoprotein is harvested / purified
