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GCSE AQA biology > topic 1 (cell biology) > Flashcards

topic 1 (cell biology) Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cells with a nucleus

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2
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

cells without a nucleus

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3
Q

animal cell

A 
ribosomes
nucleus 
cell membrane
mitochondria
cytoplasm
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4
Q

plant cell

A

*everything in an animal cell plus:
chloroplasts
permanent vacuole
cell wall

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5
Q

job of nucleus?

A

controls all the activities in the cell

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6
Q

job of ribosomes?

A

these are where proteins are made in the cell

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7
Q

job of cell mem?

A

controls what goes in and out of cells

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8
Q

job of mitochondria ?

A

where respiration takes place

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9
Q

job of chloroplast ?

A

where photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

job of permanent vacuole ?

A

contains cell sap and helps to keep plant turgid

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11
Q

job of cell wall ?

A

gives strength to the cell

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12
Q

bacteria cell

A

contains
DNA
plasmids
(+cytoplasm,cell mem and cell wall)

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13
Q

DNA

A

replacement nucleus and hold the genetic material

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14
Q

plasmids

A

small rings of DNA

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15
Q

magnification

A

image size /real size

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16
Q

light microscope

A

uses light and lenses to produce an image (e.g nuclei)

17
Q

electron microscope

A

uses electrons to form an image , it also has a higher magnification and resolution then a light microscope and lets us see much smaller things

18
Q

chromosomes

A

body cells contain two of each chromosome and this is found in the nucleus. humans have 23 pairs

19
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes

20
Q

stages of mitosis

A

Interphase The cell spends most of its life in this phase. The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.
Prophase The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears.
Metaphase Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.
Telophase New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.
Cytokinesis The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

21
Q

when does mitosis take place?

A

mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself or during asexual reproduction

22
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of a high conc to an area of a low conc (e.g oxygen out and carbon dioxide in plants )

23
Q

factors affecting rate of diffusion

A

difference in conc (conc gradient)
temp
SA

24
Q

osmosis

A

is the diffusion of water from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution through a partially permeable membrane

25
Q

active transport

A

the movement of particles from an area of low conc to an area of high conc and this process does require energy

26
Q

what is binary fission

A

the process by which bacteria divides into two every 20 mins

number of bacteria=2^(rounds of division)

27
Q

differentiation / specialisation

A

cells change to become specialised for there job

  • animal cells loose this ability at an early stage
  • plant cells never loose this ability
28
Q

examples of specialised cells

A 
sperm cells = reproduction
nerve cells= rapid signalling
muscle cells= contraction 
root hair cells= water and minerals
phloem and xylem =transporting substances
29
Q

muscle cells

A

muscle cells contain protein fibers to help them contract

30
Q

nerve cells

A

nerve cell axon carries electrical signals ,they are long to cover move distance and have dendrites to connect to other nerve cells

31
Q

sperm cells

A

sperm cells have a tail to help them swim to the egg
the nucleus contains genetic material
acrosomes contain enzymes to break into the egg
sperm cells also have lots of mitochondria so they have enough energy to swim to the egg

32
Q

root hair cells

A

provide a large SA to absorb water a dissolve minerals

33
Q

xylem

A

form long tubes ,these tubes carry water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves of plants

34
Q

phloem

A

phloem tubes carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

35
Q

examples of exchange surfaces

A

gills have a large SA for gas exchange

the structure of leaves lets gases diffuse in and out of cells

GCSE AQA biology (7 decks)

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