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GCSE WJEC History > Topic 1- Causes of War (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Topic 1- Causes of War (Unit 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 6 reasons for war

A
  1. Religion
  2. Territory
  3. Independence
  4. Politics
  5. Nationalism
  6. Ideology
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2
Q

Give the number of deaths in World War 1.

A
  1. 8.4 million military deaths

2. 1.4 million civilian deaths

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3
Q

Give the number of deaths in World War 2.

A
  1. 16.9 million military deaths

2. 34.3 million civilian deaths

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4
Q

Give the concept of “Total War”

A

It is where the civilians become targets

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5
Q

Give another name for WW1.

A

“war to end all wars”

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6
Q

What are the organisations that failed to prevent wars?

A

The League of Nations and its successor the United Nations.

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7
Q

Why has there been no great-super-power war since 1945?

A

MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

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8
Q

Where has 9 out of 10 wars occurred in the post-1945 period?

A

In weak unstable countries in the Third World

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9
Q

What were the crusades?

A

They were a series of military campaigns between the end of the 11th century through to the end of the 13th century.

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10
Q

What was the goal of the crusades?

A

To rescue the Holy Land from Muslim control

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11
Q

What were the 4 reasons for the cause of the Crusades?

A
  1. Political
  2. Economic
  3. Social
  4. Religious
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12
Q

What were the political reasons for the cause of the Crusades?

A

To make possible the reunification of the Catholic Church in the West and the Greek Orthodox Church in the East.

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13
Q

What were the economic reasons for the cause of the Crusades?

A

Italian merchants states wanted to expand their trade in the Mediterranean .

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14
Q

What stopped the Italian merchant states from expanding their trades in the Mediterranean?

A

Many strategic seaports were controlled by Muslims

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15
Q

What is primogeniture?

A

It is where the eldest legitimate son inherited all the land of his parents.

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16
Q

What was the cause of landless nobles?

A

Primogeniture

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17
Q

What were the social reasons for the cause of the Crusades?

A

The crusades offered social release for a society that was overburdened by landless nobles as a result of primogeniture.

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18
Q

What opportunity did crusading present?

A

To gain lands in the Middle East

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19
Q

Why would the knights follow a noble into battle?

A

It is a part of feudal obligations

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20
Q

Who gave a dramatic speech to the Council of Clermont and when?

A

Pope Urban II in 1095

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21
Q

What were the religious reasons for the cause of the Crusades?

A

Pope Urban II made a speech to urge Christians to take up arms to rescue Jerusalem from Muslim control.

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22
Q

What did the crowd chant in response to pope Urban II speech?

A

“Deus vult”, “God wills it”

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23
Q

What were the knights given because of the speech?

A

A holy vocation and they became vassals of God.

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24
Q

Give 2 things the crusades were given.

A
  1. Remission of sin

2. Reduced time in purgatory

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25
Q

What was considered acts of loving one’s neighbour for the crusaders?

A
  1. Retaking and defending the Holy Land

2. Protecting Christians (while killing Muslims)

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26
Q

Give 4 stable kingdoms in wales.

A
  1. Gwynedd, Powys in mid-Wales
  2. Deheubarth in the south west
  3. Morgannwg in the south-east
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27
Q

What does ‘march’ mean?

A

Border

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28
Q

Where did the Normans create the three lordships?

A
  1. Chester
  2. Shrewsbury
  3. Hereford
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29
Q

State the name given for the three lordships.

A

Marcher lordships

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30
Q

What was the role of the Marcher lordships?

A

To stop the Welsh from plundering over the border while planning for the invasion of Wales.

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31
Q

Why do ‘Cymry’ had to be warlike people?

A
  1. To defeat and repel Saxon, Irish and Viking invaders

2. They also fight with each other

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32
Q

Give the title of the person who has control over South Wales.

A

Lord of South Wales and feudal vassal of king Henry II.

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33
Q

What area did the Lord of South Wales control?

A

Rhys ap Gruffudd in the south of Wales.

34
Q

Who became accepted as rulers of all Wales during the 13th century?

A

Rulers from three generations of the royal family of Gwynedd

35
Q

What did the royal family of Gwynedd do?

A

They unified the peninsula so effectively that they became accepted as rulers of all Wales.

36
Q

Who earned the title ‘the Great’?

A

Llywelyn ap lorweth

37
Q

When did Llywelyn ap lorweth die?

A

1240

38
Q

What was Llywelyn ap lorweth described as upon his death?

A

‘Prince of Wales’

39
Q

Who claimed the title ‘Prince of Wales’ after Llywelyn ap lorweth?

A

His son Dafydd II.

40
Q

Who became the Prince of Wales in 1244?

A

Daftdd’s newphew, Llywelyn ap Gruffyd

41
Q

Who acknowledged Llywelyn ap Gruffyd as Prince of Wales in 1244?

A

Henry III and by all the Welsh leaders who paid homage to him.

42
Q

Who ascended to the throne of England in 1272?

A

Henry’s eldest son Edward I

43
Q

What was the Edwardian conquest of Wales motivated by? (1)

A

His loathing of the Celts in general and Llywelyn in particular.

44
Q

What was the Edwardian conquest of Wales motivated by? (2)

A

His political move to establish English rule in Wales. The Statue of Rhuddlan (1284) effectively annexed Wales and made it a province of England.

45
Q

What was the Edwardian conquest of Wales motivated by? (3)

A

Edward’s desire for expansion and determination to make himself master of the whole of Britain by conquering Wales and Scotland.

46
Q

What did the Welsh princes remain as throughout the Middle Ages?

A

Vassals of the English kings

47
Q

What did Edward assume from Llywelyn?

A

That Llywelyn would do homage to him.

48
Q

What did Llywelyn do to offend Edward? (1)

A

Llywelyn refused to do homage to him on 5 occasions.

49
Q

What did Llywelyn do to offend Edward? (2)

A

He offered his hand in marriage to the daughter of Edward’s old enemy Simon de Montfort.

50
Q

Who plotted to assassinate Llywelyn?

A

Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys and Llywelyn’s own brother Dafydd.

51
Q

What happened after the plot to assassinate Llywelyn?

A

The plot failed and Dafydd was forced to flee to England for safety.

52
Q

What did Edward do by 1277?

A

He led a huge army of 15,000 into Wales- 9,000 of whom were recruited in Wales.

53
Q

`(1) Defeat had implications for Wales:

A

Gwynedd was surrounded by lands controlled by Edward.

54
Q

(2) Defeat had implications for Wales:

A

New castles were built at Rhuddlan, Flint, Aberystwyth and Builth and others were strengthened.

55
Q

(3) Defeat had implications for Wales:

A

English law was introduced and English officials were appointed in areas previously belonging to Welsh rulers.

56
Q

(3) Defeat had implications for Wales:

A

The rulers of Powys and Deheubarth were now servants of the English crown.

57
Q

(4) Defeat had implications for Wales:

A

Dafydd was rewarded with lands to the east of the River Conway.

58
Q

What did Dafydd and Llywelyn do in 1282?

A

They stages a rebellion which soon spread throughout most of Wales.

59
Q

What happened after the rebellion?

A
  1. Edward invaded and defeated the Welsh

2. Death of Llywelyn and Dafydd

60
Q

How and when did Llywelyn die?

A

He was killed in a skirmish near Builth in December 1282.

61
Q

How and when did Dafydd die?

A

After capture in April 1283, Dafydd was executed.

62
Q

What happened to the Welsh infantry after the defeat by Edward?

A

The size of the Welsh infantry increased their role and status.

63
Q

What did the Welsh infantry accomplish? (1)

A

They formed 10,000 of the 12,000 infantrymen and archers that defeated the Scots at Falkirk.

64
Q

What did the Welsh infantry accomplish? (2)

A

Some 5,000 served at Bannockburn (1314) and perhaps the same numbers at Crecy (1346).

65
Q

Describe the uniform of the Welsh infantry.

A

White and green

66
Q

What were the disadvantages of the Welsh infantry?

A
  1. They were disobedient and undisciplined.

2. They prefer to murder than capture opponents.

67
Q

Give another name for Owain Glyndwr.

A

Owain of the Valley of the Dee

68
Q

When was Owain Glyndwr born?

A

1359

69
Q

Give 2 facts about Owain Glyndwr’s heritage.

A
  1. He was heir to the dynasty of Powys Fadog on his father’s side
  2. He claimed descent from Lord Rhys of Deheubarth on his mother’s side
70
Q

Who did Owain Glyndwr dispute with in 1400?

A

Lord Grey of Ruthin, a powerful English baron who lived nearby.

71
Q

Why did Owain Glyndwr dispute embroil with Lord Grey of Ruthin?

A

They disputed over land.

72
Q

What happened when Henry IV sided with Grey?

A

Glyndwr and his followers attacked and damaged Ruthin and other Welsh towns near the English border.

73
Q

When did the rebellion swept across Wales?

A

Between 1401-1404

74
Q

What were the impacts of the rebellion between 1401-1404?

A

Harlech and Aberystwyth castles were captured and English armies were defeated at Mynydd Hyddgen and Bryn Glas in mid Wales.

75
Q

What did Owain self proclaim himself as?

A

Prince of Wales

76
Q

What did Owain Glyndwr do when he realised that he have to defeat the English in a major battle? (1)

A

He called a special parliament at Machynlleth to raise money for the cause.

77
Q

What did Owain Glyndwr do when he realised that he have to defeat the English in a major battle? (2)

A

He made alliances with Henry IV’s English enemies the Duke of Northumberland and Edmund Mortimer and entered a formal alliance with the King of France.

78
Q

What were the consequences of the battle by Glyndwr in 1405? (1)

A

Glyndwr’s forces suffered heavy defeats at Grosmont and Usk.

79
Q

What were the consequences of the battle by Glyndwr in 1405? (2)

A

Help from the French and the Scots failed to materialise and the men of Glamorgan, Gower, Tywi, Ceredigion and Anglesey all submitted to the English king.

80
Q

What happened to the major strongholds by 1408?

A

Harlech and Aberystwyth had been recaptured and the revolt petered out.

81
Q

What happened to the revolt by 1415?

A

The revolt was over and Glyndwr disappeared without trace.

GCSE WJEC History (2 decks)

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