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GCSE WJEC History > The USA: A Nation of Contrasts, 1910-29 > Flashcards

The USA: A Nation of Contrasts, 1910-29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Number of people emigrated to USA during late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

A

About 40 million people

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2
Q

New immigrants

A

Southern and Easter Europe immigrants

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3
Q

Old immigrants

A

Western and Northern immigrants

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4
Q

Xenophobia

A

Fear of foreigners

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5
Q

Anarchists

A

People who do not respect authority

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6
Q

What resulted in the growth of the Red Scare?

A

The thought of many immigrants from Eastern Europe to be communists or anarchists.

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7
Q

Give a push factor for immigrants.

A

Good cheap agricultural land was becoming scarce.

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8
Q

Give pull factors for immigrants (2).

A
  1. The USA was booming industrially.

2. There were many employment opportunities.

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9
Q

Give more pull factors for immigrants (2).

A
  1. Any business acumen could start new ventures quite easily.
  2. It was seen as the land of the free and a country which guaranteed basic human rights.
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10
Q

Why did the Jews in Easter Europe wanted to leave their homeland?

A

They were seeking religious freedom and an escape from the pogroms of Russia, where many thousands have been massacred.

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11
Q

Give the purpose of the ‘Open Door’ policy.

A

It was designed to make entry into the country as easy as possible.

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12
Q

Describe the development of ghettos.

A

The immigrants moved to cities where they tended to live with people from their own country of origin and hence ghettos developed.

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13
Q

What would new immigrants do in 1910 in America?

A

They would take jobs and work for very low wages.

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14
Q

What were immigrants thought to be responsible for in 1910?

A

Increases in crime, drunkenness and prostitution.

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15
Q

What was the ideal citizen for Americans in the 1920s?

A

WASP- white, Anglo- Saxon and Protestant.

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16
Q

Why did the Americans fear the immigrants?

A

They feared immigrants would bring with them dangerous political beliefs, especially communism.

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17
Q

What act was introduced in 1917?

A

Literacy Test

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18
Q

What did the Literacy test involve?

A
  1. They had to prove that they could read a short passage in English.
  2. The act banned all immigration from Asia
  3. Charged an immigration fee of $8
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19
Q

Why did many poorer countries, especially in Eastern Europe fail the literacy test?

A

Many of them could not afford to take English lessons and failed the test.

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20
Q

What act was introduced in 1921?

A

Emergency Quota Act

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21
Q

What did the Emergency Quota Act reduce?

A

It reduced the number of immigrants from Eastern Europe.

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22
Q

What did the Emergency Quota involve?

A
  1. New immigrants were allowed in as a proportion of the number of people of the same nationality who had been living in the USA in 1910.
  2. The figure was set at 3%.
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23
Q

What act was introduced in 1924?

A

National Origins Act

24
Q

Describe what happened during the National Origins Act.

A

The quota was reduced to 2% of the 1890 census. Since there had been a lot more people arriving from Northern Europe by 1890, more of these groups were allowed to enter.

25
Q

What act was introduced in 1929?

A

Immigration Act

26
Q

What did the Immigration Act involve?

A
  1. No Asians at all

2. Northern and Western Europeans were allocated 85% of places.

27
Q

What were the results of the Immigration Act?

A

The restricted immigration to 150,000 per year.

28
Q

What did the Federal Bureau of Naturalization organised?

A

Neutralisation proceedings and patriotic ‘Americanization Day’ rallies.

29
Q

What was the ‘Americanization Day’ designed for?

A

For citizens to re-affirm their loyalty to the USA and the heritage of freedom.

30
Q

What did the Federal Bureau of Education organise and why?

A

Courses on politics and democracy to prepare immigrants for the citizenship examination.

31
Q

Describe the Red Scare?

A

It was an almost hysterical reaction from many US citizens to developments in Europe in the years 1917-19, especially the fear of communism.

32
Q

Give a reason for the Red Scare. (1)

A

In Russia in 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution led to the establishment of a communist government.

33
Q

Give another reason for the Red Scare. (2)

A

In Germany, a group of communists attempted to seize power in January 1919.

34
Q

What did the Americans fear about concerning the immigrants?

A

That revolutionary ideas were being brought to the USA by immigrants, especially from Eastern Europe.

35
Q

What did Americans think were the branches of communism?

A

Any new political ideas, especially radicalism and anarchism, as branches of communsim.

36
Q

What are ‘Reds’ (communists)?

A

All people who believed in these ideas (communists).

37
Q

Why did Americans fear that there would be a revolution in their own country?

A

Due to a communist party being formed in the USA in 1919.

38
Q

How many strikes were there in 1919?

A

3,600 strikes

39
Q

What were the protests about in 1919?

A

There were protests against poor working conditions and low pay.

40
Q

Which group of people went on a strike in Boston?

A

The police

41
Q

What did the strikes cause?

A

The strikes seemed to herald the beginnings of a communist revolution.

42
Q

Give the abbreviation of IWW.

A

Industrial Workers of the World

43
Q

What did the IWW organisation lead?

A

The general strike in Seattle

44
Q

Give the consequence of the failure of the general strike in Seattle?

A

The loss of orders for the dockyards, which resulted in an increase in unemployment.

45
Q

What did many find the name of IWW to be like?

A

Many found strongly suggestive of communist ideals.

46
Q

What did the press portray strikes as?

A

Anti- American actions which threatened the US government.

47
Q

What did steel company owners publish during the steelworkers’ dispute?

A

Circulars which attacked foreign- born strikers.

48
Q

Describe anarchists.

A

They were anti-government in their views and did not respect the rules of law and order.

49
Q

What was the aim of anarchists?

A

To disrupt and ultimately destroy the functions of government.

50
Q

Give an example of the bombings of anarchists (1).

A

The home of Mitchell Palmer, the Attorney- General was bombed.

51
Q

What is an Attorney- General?

A

Head of the US Department of Justice.

52
Q

Give an example of the bombings of anarchists (2).

A

In April 1919, a bomb planted in a church in Milwaukee killed 10 people.

53
Q

Give an example of the bombings of anarchists (3).

A

In May, letter bombs were posted to 36 well-known Americans.

54
Q

What did the police do on May Day 1920?

A

They attack socialist parades and raided the offices of socialist organisations. Many innocent people were arrested because of their supposed dangerous political beliefs.

55
Q

Describe the Palmer Raids.

A

Trade unionists, black people, Jews and Catholics. These arrests were known as the ‘Palmer Raids’ as they were organised by Mitchell Palmer.

56
Q

How many people were arrested across the USA during the Palmer Raids?

A

More than 6,000 suspected communists were arrested in 36 cities across the USA.

57
Q

What was the ship called the ‘Soviet Ark’ used for?

A

Several hundred Russian immigrants were sent back in a ship nicknamed the ‘Soviet Ark’.

GCSE WJEC History (2 decks)

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