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Biology > Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Cause Overview > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Biological Molecules Cause Overview Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of a monomer?

A

The small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What is the definition of a polymer?

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Give three examples of monomers

A
  1. Monosaccharides.
  2. Amino acids.
  3. Nucleotides.
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4
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of an acidic bond and involves the release of a water molecule.

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5
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that separates molecules by breaking a chemical bond and involves the use of a water molecule.

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6
Q

What is the definition of a monosaccharide?

A

The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made.

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7
Q

Name three common monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose.
  2. Fructose.
  3. Galactose.
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8
Q

Name the two isomers of glucose

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

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9
Q

Describe how disaccharides are formed

A

By a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

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10
Q

What are the monosaccharides that form the disaccharide maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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11
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

Glucose and fructose

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12
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

Glucose and galactose

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13
Q

Describe the test for a reducing sugar

A
  1. Add 2 cm³ of Benedict reagent
  2. Heat to 100° in a water bath.
  3. A positive result will change from blue to green yellow orange or red.
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14
Q

Describe the test for non-reducing sugar

A
  1. Carry out the reducing sugars test as normal.
  2. take the negative test add acid and then boil in the water bath.
  3. Then add an alkaline to neutralise the solution.
  4. Add Benedict reagent and heat to 100° C.
  5. A positive result will go from blue to orange or red.
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15
Q

Describe the test for starch

A
  1. Add iodine to your sample.
  2. A positive result will go from orange to blue or black.
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16
Q

Describe the test for lipids.

A
  1. add ethanol and water to your sample and shake.
  2. A positive result will form a milky white emulsion.
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17
Q

Describe the test for proteins.

A
  1. Add burette reagent to the sample.
  2. A positive positive result will go from blue to purple.
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18
Q

Name the monomers in starch

A

Alpha glucose

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19
Q

Which reactions and bonds join the monomers of starch together?

A

Condensation and 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

State the function of starch

A

Glucose store in plants

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21
Q

Where is starch found?

A

Starch grains in plants

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22
Q

Starch is made up of which two molecules

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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23
Q

Describe the structure of amylose.

A

Amylose monomers are joined by 1-4 acidic bonds resulting in a spiral shaped polymer.

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24
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Amy pectin monomers are joined by 1-4 and 1-6 acidic bonds resulting in a branched structure.

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25
Q

Explain how the structure of starch relates to its function

A
  1. Starch is insoluble due to the fact it is a large molecule so it will not change the water potential of a cell so there is no osmotic effect.
  2. The spiral shape means that it can be readily compact to store a lot.
  3. The branching strands provide a larger surface area for enzymes to attach to increase hydrolysis.
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26
Q

Name the monomers in glycogen

A

Alpha glucose

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27
Q

Which reaction and bonds join the monomers in glycogen?

A

Condensation reaction and 1-4 and 1-6 glycol acidic bonds.

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28
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Glucose store in animals

29
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In animals, liver and muscle cells.

30
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Play kitchen contains many 1-6 bonds and is therefore highly branched.

31
Q

Explain how the structure of glycogen relates to its function!

A
  1. It is insoluble due to the fact it is a large molecule so it will not change the water potential of a cell.
  2. Being highly branched provides a larger surface area for enzymes to attach can be hydrolysed back into glucose more rapidly.
32
Q

Name the monomers in cellulose

A

Beta glucose

33
Q

Which reaction and bonds during the monomers of cellulose together?

A

Condensation reaction and 1-4 glycolic bonds.

34
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Provide structural strength and rigidity.

35
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls

36
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A
  • It has straight long chains of beta glucose.
  • The parallel chains are held together by hydrogen bonds which collectively provides strength.
37
Q

Explain how the structure of cellulose relates to its function.

A
  1. it is insoluble due to its large size. It will not change the water potential of a cell and not affecting osmosis.
  2. Due to a large number of hydrogen bonds in between fibrils solos is a very strong polysaccharide.
38
Q

Name the two groups of lipids

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

39
Q

Name the reaction that forms lipids

A

Condensation reaction

40
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

Three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

41
Q

Name the bond that forms between triglycerides and where

A

Ester bond between glycerol and fatty acid

42
Q

Define saturated fatty acid

A

The hydrocarbon chain only contained a single carbon bonds

43
Q

Define an unsaturated fatty acid

A

The hydrocarbon chain contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms

44
Q

Describe the difference between the structure of a phospholipid and a triglyceride

A

In phospholipids one of the fatty acids is substituted by a phosphate containing group.

45
Q

Name the reaction and bond that joins two fatty acids to the glycerol molecule

A

Condensation reaction and ester bond

46
Q

Why does the hydrophilic head attract to water?

A

Because it is charged

47
Q

What is the roles of lipids?

A

– The main role of lipids is in the plasma membranes.
– Phospholipids contribute to the flexibility of membranes and control the transfer of lipids soluble substances across the membrane .
– An energy source: when oxidised lipids provide more than twice the amount of energy as the same mass of carbohydrates.
– Waterproofing: lipids are insoluble in water; so they provide a layer of protection.
– Insulation: slow conductors of heat: so are stored below the body surface to retain body heat
– Protection: that is often stored around delicate organs

48
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Hydrophobic tails point inwards and hydrophilic heads outwards towards either the water in the cytoplasm or the water outside the cell. They control the movement of lipids soluble substances in and out the cell. They prevent any water soluble substances entering or leaving the cell and make the membrane flexible (fluid).

49
Q

What does cholesterol do to the phospholipid layer?

A

Provide structural support and add strength to the membrane – helps give it its fluid properties

50
Q

What do intrinsic proteins do in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

They passed directly through the bilayer.
– Some actors carrier proteins used in active transport and facilitated diffusion; allowing water soluble molecules to pass across the membrane.
– Others are enzymes that catalyse reactions in the cell .

51
Q

What is the role of extrinsic proteins in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

They occur on the surface and only part the embedded in the membrane.
– They act either to give mechanical support or in conjunction with lipids (glycol protein) as cell receptors for molecules such as hormones

52
Q

What is the wrong carbohydrates in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

They even extend out from glycol lipids or glycol proteins and are involved in cell recognition and receptors for hormones.

53
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Fluid – the individual lipid molecules can move relative to each other: this gives the membrane flexible structure that is constantly changing shape.

Mosaic – it is made up of a variety of components and very shape size and pattern.

54
Q

What monomers make up proteins?

A

Amino acids

55
Q

What are the four components that make up the general structure of an amino acid?

A

Hydrogen
Carboxyl
Amine group
R - group (variant)

56
Q

Name the reaction that joins amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain and the bond that is formed.

A

Condensation reaction and a peptide bond

57
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

58
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins

A

The folding of the primary structure into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheets held in place by hydrogen bonds

59
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

The further folding of the secondary structure create a unique 3-D shape held in place by hydrogen ionic and disulphide bonds.

60
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

More than one polypeptide chain together held together by hydrogen bonds

61
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

Carry out metabolic functions – like enzymes which catalyse reactions in the body

62
Q

What is meant by the active side of an enzyme?

A

The part of the enzyme that attaches to a substrate catalyse a reaction.

63
Q

Due to a specific active site, enzymes can only attach substrate that are…

A

Complimentary in shape

64
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy a reaction requires before they occur.

65
Q

What happens to the activation energy when enzymes attached to the substrate?

A

They lower the activation energy

66
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

– Enzymes are specific in the reactions they catalyse
– One limitation of this is that the enzyme is considered to be a rigid structure
– Scientist observed that the other molecules can bind to an enzyme in areas other than the active site

67
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

– The enzymes active site and substrate are not perfectly complementary in shape initially
– The enzymes active site is induced or slightly changes shape, to mould around the substrate once the substrate finds the active site.

68
Q

How do you prop properties of an enzyme relate to its tertiary structure?

A

– Enzymes are very specific and only catalyse one reaction as there is only one complimentary substrate that will fit into the active site.
– Active sites shape determined by enzymes Tertiary structure which is determined by enzymes primary structure
– Every enzyme has different tertiary structure so different shaped active site.
– If tertiary structure altered active site will change shape.
– Tertiary structure of enzyme altered by change pH or temperature
– Primary structure determined by gene or mutation occurs could change test structure of enzyme

Biology (7 decks)

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