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Biology > Topic 7 - Definitions > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

The nonliving aspects of an ecosystem, e.g. temperature, light intensity, moisture soil, pH, and oxygen levels.

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2
Q

What is adaption?

A

A feature of an organism that increases its change of survival in its environment.

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene.

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4
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

The number of times an allele appears within a population gene pool.

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5
Q

What is alloPatrick speciation?

A

A form of speciation that occurs when two populations become geographically isolated.

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6
Q

What is an autosome?

A

A chromosome that is not an X or Y chromosome.

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7
Q

What is autosomal linkage?

A

When two or more genes are positioned on the same autism, they are unlikely to be separated by crossing over during meiosis so are often inherited together.

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8
Q

What is a belt transect?

A

A line along a sampled area upon which quadrats are placed at certain intervals to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystem.

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9
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of genes, species and habitats within a specific area.

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10
Q

What is a biotic factor?

A

The living components of an ecosystem, e.g. food availability pathogens and predators.

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11
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The average size of a population that can be supported by an ecosystem over extended periods of time this varies depending on biotic and abiotic factors.

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12
Q

What is the chai squared test?

A

A statistical test used to determine whether a pattern of inheritance is statistically significant.

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13
Q

What is a climax community?

A

The stable community of organisms that exists at the final stage of ecological succession.

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14
Q

What does codominant mean?

A

When both alleles for gene in a heterozygous organism equally contribute to the phenotype.

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15
Q

What is a community?

A

All of the populations of different species living together in a habitat.

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16
Q

What is conservation?

A

The maintenance of ecosystems and bod diversity by humans in order to preserve the earths resources. This typically involves the management of succession.

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17
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of two different genes that determine two phenotypes, on two different chromosomes.

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18
Q

What is meant by diploid?

A

Describes a cell with a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes.

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19
Q

What is directional selection?

A

A type of selection that favours one extreme phenotype and select against all other phenotypes.

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20
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

A type of selection that favours individuals with extreme phenotypes and select against those with phenotypes close to the mean.

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21
Q

What is meant by dominant?

A

Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter.

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22
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The community of organisms (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of an area and their interactions it is a dynamic system.

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23
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Describes the relationship between genes where the allele of one gene affects the expression of a different gene.

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24
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in the allele frequencies within a population overtime occurs due to natural selection.

25
Q

What is a gene?

A

A length of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of one or more polypeptide chains and functional RNA.

26
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All of the different versions of genes in the individuals that make up a population.

27
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Variations in allele frequencies in small populations due to chance.

28
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Differences in genotypes between members of a population which may occur to due to mutations meiosis or random fertilisation.

29
Q

What is a genotype?

A

An organisms genetic composition. Describes all alleles.

30
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The region where an organism normally lives.

31
Q

What is the hardy Weinberg principle?

A

A model that predicts that the ratio of the dominant and recessive alleles in a population will remain constant between generations. If the following five conditions are met: no new mutations, no natural selection, no migration, large population and random mating. It provides an equation for calculating the frequency of alleles.

32
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

When someone has two different alleles of a gene.

33
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

When someone has two different alleles of a gene.

34
Q

What is homozygous?

A

When someone has two identical alleles of a gene.

35
Q

What is inter-specific competition?

A

A type of competition that takes place between members of different species.

36
Q

What is inter-specific competition?

A

A type of competition that takes place between members of different species.

37
Q

What is intra-specific competition?

A

A type of competition that takes place between members of the same species.

38
Q

What is a locus?

A

The position of a gene on a chromosome.

39
Q

What is meant by mark–release–capture?

A

A method of estimating the population size of motile organisms it involves capturing a sample of the population marking them and releasing them at a later date. Another sample is captured and the number of marked individuals is recorded. The population size can be estimated using the equation.

40
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

The inheritance of one gene.

41
Q

What is multiple alleles?

A

When a gene has more than two potential alleles.

42
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which the frequency of beneficial alleles gradually increases in a populations gene Paul overtime this theory was developed by Charles Darwin.

43
Q

What is a niche?

A

Describes how an organism fits into an ecosystem and its role in that environment.

44
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

Species that can survive in hostile environment and colonise bear rock or sand. E.g lichens.

45
Q

What is a population?

A

All organisms of the same species living with one another in habitat at the same time.

46
Q

What is a predator?

A

An organism that eat other organisms.

47
Q

What is prey?

A

An organism that is eaten by predators.

48
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A square grid of a known area used in sampling to determine the abundance of organisms in a habitat. There are two types: point quadrat and frame quadrats.

49
Q

What is random sampling?

A

A sampling technique used to avoid bias, e.g. creating a square grid and generating random coordinates.

50
Q

What is meant by recessive?

A

Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele represented by a smaller letter.

51
Q

What are selection pressures?

A

Environmental factors that drive evolution by evolution by natural selection and limit population sizes e.g. competition, predation and disease.

52
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

The presence of a gene on an X or Y chromosome.

53
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of new species due to evolution of two reproductively separated populations. Two forms: allopatric and sympatric speciation.

54
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce living, fertile offspring.

55
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

A type of selection that favours individuals with phenotypes close to the mean and selects against extreme phenotypes.

56
Q

What is succession?

A

Describes changes in the community of organisms occupying a certain area over time.

57
Q

What is meant by sustainable?

A

The ability to maintain something for future generations.

58
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

A form of speciation that occurs when two populations within the same area become reproductively isolated.

59
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both.

Biology (8 decks)

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