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AS Biology > Topic 1: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is maltose formed from?

A

Glucose + glucose

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2
Q

What is lactose formed from?

A

Glucose + galactose

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3
Q

What does glucose and fructose form?

A

Sucrose

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4
Q

What is the bond between two monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

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5
Q

What is a reducing sugar? And some examples.

A

A sugar that can donate electrons to reduce another substance easily, all monosaccharides are and some disaccharides are.

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6
Q

Test for reducing sugar?

A

Heated with Benedict’s reagent forming an insoluble red ppt if reducing sugar present.

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7
Q

Test for Starch?

A

Add Iodine solution to substance. Blue-black if present.

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8
Q

What monomer is Starch made up of?

A

alpha-glucose

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9
Q

How is starch suited to it’s role of energy storage?

A
  • insoluble
  • doesn’t readily diffuse out of cells and affect osmotic potential
  • compact so a lot can be stored in a small space
  • when broken down in hydrolysis it forms alpha-glucose which can be used in respiration.
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10
Q

How is glycogen different compared to starch?

A

Glycogen has shorter chains and is more branched than starch.

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11
Q

How is glycogen adapted for its function of short term storage?

A
  • Insoluble
  • Doesn’t readily diffuse and affect osmotic potential
  • Compact so alot can be stored in a small space
  • More branched so many enzymes can work on breaking it down simultaneously.
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12
Q

What are the monomers that form cellulose?

A

beta-glucose

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13
Q

How is cellulose adapted for its function?

A
  • Each monomer is rotated 180o forming glycosidic bonds
  • resulting in long straight, unbranched chains
  • Chains run parallel to eachother and are linked by Hydrogen bonds giving strength
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14
Q

Why are lipids not polymers?

A

Not made up of repeating sub-units.

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15
Q

How are triglycerides and phospholipids different?

A

Triglycerides are made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails, whereas in phospholipids one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate molecule.

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16
Q

Emulsion test for lipids?

A
  • Crush sample
  • add ethanol shake, then add water
  • further shake, if contents are cloudy-white a lipid is present
17
Q

Protein test

A
  • Add Biuret reagent to sample
  • if solution turns purple peptide bonds are present.
18
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

19
Q

What is the secondary structure in a protein?

A

Polypeptide chain folds and hydrogen bonds form between carboxyl groups forming either alpha helixes or beta-pleated sheets.

20
Q

What is the tertiary structure in a protein?

A

bonding between R groups form a complex 3D shape either ionic bonds or disulfide bonds, creating unique active site.

21
Q

What is quarternary structure in a protein?

A

Proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain held together. Some may have a prosthetic group like haem-oglobin

22
Q

Differences between 2 models of enzyme action?

A
  • Active site moulds to substrate in Induced fit.
  • Isn’t rigid fit like in lock and key
23
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor in enzymes?

A

Directly takes place of substrate in active site, reducing activity of enzymes and overall rate of reaction.

24
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

Inhibitor that binds to position other than active site, changing its structure reducing rate or reaction or preventing substrate binding at all.

25
Q

3 differences between structure of DNA and RNA

A
  • RNA is a singular helix, whereas DNA is a double helix
  • RNA has AUCG, while DNA has ATCG
  • RNA has only a ribose sugar, while DNA has a deoxyribose sugar
26
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Proteins and rRNA

27
Q

How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?

A
  • Strands are joined by weak hydrogen bonds which can easily be broken for protein synthesis and replication
  • Complementary base pairing leads to accurate replication and information transfer in mRNA
  • Extremely large molecule, can store a large amount of info
  • Helix so it is compact and can store a large amount of info in a small space
  • Phosphodiester bonds protect the molecule and keep it stable
28
Q

Roles of ATP?

A
  • Smaller energy quantities prevent thermal damage
  • Single step reaction immediately releases energy
  • Can be rapidly resynthesised
  • Phosphorylate other molecules making them more reactive
29
Q

Energy usage from ATP hydrolysation

A
  • Metabolic processes synthesis of macromolecules
  • Movement of muscle filaments
  • Active transport change shape of active site
  • Secretion needed to form lysosomes
30
Q

Properties of water?

A
  • Reactive takes place in hydrolysis and condensation reactions
  • Polar molecule so can be used as a solvent
  • Relatively high specific heat capacity lose and gain a lot of energy without changing temp used as a buffer
  • Large latent heat of vaporisation providing cooling effect with little water loss
  • Strong cohesive properties can be used in xylem due to H bonds

AS Biology (5 decks)

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