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A level Bio > Topic 1 Bio molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 Bio molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Polymer?

A

large, complex molecules composed of many repeating monomers

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2
Q

Define monomer?

A

Small repeating molecular units

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3
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon , hydrogen, oxygen

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4
Q

what are the monomers in carbohydrates?

A

Monosacchirdes

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5
Q

What is a hexosugar?

A

a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms.

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6
Q

what are the two types of glucose?

A

alpha and beta

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7
Q

what is an example of a hexose sugar

A

fructose and glucose

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8
Q

what is an Isomer?

A

they have the same molecular formula but different arrangements.

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9
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two molecules join together with the formation of a new bond.

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10
Q

what reaction happens between monomers to form polymers?

A

Condensation

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11
Q

what bonds are formed between monosaccrides?

A

glycosidic

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12
Q

what are two monosaccharides called?

A

Disacchrides

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13
Q

what is maltose made from?

A

alpha glucsose + alpha glucose

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14
Q

what is sucrose made from?

A

glucose + fructose

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15
Q

what is lactose made from?

A

glucose = glactose

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16
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

The breaking down of a bond between two molecules with the addition of water

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17
Q

what do carbohydrates break down into?

A

monosacchrides

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18
Q

what does the benedicts test for?

A

sugars

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19
Q

what type of sugars does the benedicts test work on?

A

Reducing

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20
Q

How to turn a non reducing sugar into reducing sugar?

A

add dilute hydrochloric acid
place into a water bath that has been brought to a boil
neutralise with sodium hydrocarbonate

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21
Q

Define a polysaccharide ?

A

more than two monosaccharides joined together

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22
Q

What is the main energy store in plants?

A

Starch

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23
Q

what are the two polysaccharides in starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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24
Q

Describe Amylose

A

unbranched chain of alpha glucose with a compact coiled structure.

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25
Q

How is Amylose adapted to do its jop.

A

Coiled structure allows for good storage.

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26
Q

Describe Amylopectin

A

branched chain of Alpha glucose

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27
Q

How is Amylocpectin suited for its job?

A

the branches allow enzymes to bond easily allowing for quick release of energy.

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28
Q

Describe starches structure?

A

Small so food for storage and insoluble to not effect osmotic potential.

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29
Q

what does the iodine test - test for ?

A

For starch

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30
Q

what colour does iodine turn with a positive result?

A

from browny orange to blue / black

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31
Q

what is glycogen?

A

Main energy store in animals

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32
Q

what is glycogen made of?

A

Alpha glucose

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33
Q

describe glycogen’s structure.

A

Very compact, lots of side branches

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34
Q

How is glycogen suited to its job?

A

As it is very compact it is good for storage and the side branches allow quick release of energy

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35
Q

what is cellulose made from?

A

long unbranched chains of beta glucose.

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36
Q

What is it called when many cellulose bond together

A

Microfibrils

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37
Q

why are microfibrils strong?

A

The long straight fibres provide good structural suppourt.

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38
Q

What are triglyceride?

A

A type of lipid made from three fatty acids molecules and one glycerol.

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39
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride.

A

one glycerol molecules joined to three fatty acid tails

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40
Q

Describe the fatty acid tails

A

long tails which are hydrophobic.

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41
Q

Why are lipids insoluble

A

the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and make lipids in soluble.

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42
Q

what are the two types of fatty acid?

A

Saturated and Unsatturated

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43
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid that contains no carbon to carbon double bonds

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44
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid which does contain at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

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45
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

lipid molecules that contain 1 glycerol molecule 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group

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46
Q

give a property of phosphate groups.

A

Hydrophyllic

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47
Q

what are triglycerides used for ?

A

as energy storage molecules as the hydrocarbon tails contain a lot of energy

48
Q

what are phospholipids used for?

A

to create a membrane bilayer and therefore helps control what comes in and out of the cell.

49
Q

How is the membrane Bilayer formed?

A

the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids face outwards and the hydrophobic centres make it hard for substance to pass through

50
Q

Describe the emulsion test for lipids.

A

Shake the substance with ethanol for 1 minute milky emulsion forms if lipid is present

51
Q

what are the monomers of a protien?

A

amino acids

52
Q

what is a dipeptide

A

two amino acids

53
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

more than two amino acids.

54
Q

what reaction joins together amino acids?

A

condensations

55
Q

what are the bonds between amino acids called?

A

Peptide bonds

56
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids

57
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The hydrogen bonds cause the peptide chain to coil or fold into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

58
Q

what is tertiary strucutre?

A

The further folding of polypeptide due to hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges.

59
Q

Between which atoms and in which molecule do disulfide bridges form?

A

The sulfur in cytsine.

60
Q

How many levels of structure do single chain protiens have?

A

Up to tertiary.

61
Q

what is quaternary strucutre?

A

The way polypeptide chains are assembled and interact to form the final 3d shape

62
Q

which test tests for proteins?

A

Burriet test

63
Q

what is a condition that needs to be met for the burriet test to work?

A

Must be alkaline.

64
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A biological catalyst. as they lower activation energy without being used up.

65
Q

How do enzymes increase rate of reaction?

A

By lowering activation energy more reactions can take place for the same given energy as more of the reactions can reach the activation energy.

66
Q

what are enzyme-substrate complexes?

A

The Enzyme and substrate joined together

67
Q

How many polypeptide chains in an enzyme?

A

1

68
Q

what caused enzymes to have different shapes active sites?

A

tertiary structure

69
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the temp is too great>

A

Denature as the energy breaks the bonds changing the shape of the active site

70
Q

How does temp increase enzyme activity?

A

there is a higher temp therefore a higher kinetic energy. Therefore enzymes are more likey to collide with substrates and the reaction take place

71
Q

How does a low PH affect enzymes

A

the H+ ions cause the hydrogen bonds to break.

72
Q

How does enzyme concentration effect rate of reaction?

A

allows for more enzyme-substrate complexes to form catalysing more reactions. Only increases rate of reaction until the substrate become the limiting factor and gets used up

73
Q

how does substrate concentration effect rate of reaction?

A

if the concentration is increased, the rate of reaction increases. Until all the enzymes are being used to catalyse a reaction, no new ESC can form.

74
Q

Why do reactions catalysed by enzymes slow down over time?

A

As the substrate is used up the concentration decreases therefore collisions are less likley to happen and fewer esc are formed so the reaction slows.

75
Q

what is a competitive ihibitor?

A

molecules with a similar shape to the substrate and compete with the substrates for the active site. Block the active site so no ESC can form

76
Q

How to combat competitive inhibitor?

A

increase substrate concentration and enzyme concentration

77
Q

What is a non competitive inhibitor?

A

Non-competitive inhibitors bind to an alternative site and change the shape of the active site.

78
Q

How to combat non-competitive inhibitors?

A

By increasing enzyme concentration

79
Q

what is RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, is the way of transferring genetic code to ribosomes

80
Q

what Is DNA?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, and is the store of genetic code in an organism

81
Q

What are the polymers of DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

82
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate attached to a deoxyribose then a base

83
Q

what are the 4 bases in DNA

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.

84
Q

what are the 4 bases in RNA

A

guanine, thymine, cytosine, uracil

85
Q

what is the polymer of nucleotides called?

A

polynucleotide

86
Q

How are nucleotides joined together?

A

condesnation reaction.

87
Q

what are the bonds between nucleotides called

A

phosphodiester bonds

88
Q

What is the chain of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate called in DNA?

A

The sugar-phosphate back bone

89
Q

How many bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

89
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

A double helix constructed of two polynucleotides running anti-parallel to each other and bonds between complementary base pairs forming

90
Q

How many bonds between Cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

91
Q

Describe the structure of RNA compared to DNA

A

shorter than DNA
is single stranded
does not contain adenine instead contains uracil.

92
Q

What does semi-conservative mean?

A

half of the strands in the new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule

93
Q

what does Helicase do?

A

breaks down the hydrogen bonds between the bases.

94
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication.

A

1) Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between the two polynucleotides
2) Each strand now acts as a template for the free-flowing nucleotides.
3) Condensation reactions join together the free-flowing nucleotides with hydrogen bonds to the template strand catalysed by DNA polymerase
4)Each strand now has 1/2 the orginal molecule.

95
Q

Describe the structure of water?

A

2 hydrogens share their atom with oxygen. they are covalently bonded.

96
Q

Why is water polar?

A

The shared negative electron is on 1/2 of the hydrogen atom closest to the oxygen. , leaving the other half positive. The oxygens unshared negative electrons make the oxygen negative making it a polar molecule. as it has areas of positive and negative charge.

97
Q

name properties of water?

A

High latent heat of vapourisation
Has a high thermal capacity
Good solvent
High cohesion

98
Q

why is it good that water has a high latent heat of vapourisation?

A

it can take a lot of heat before bonds begin to break, so water can be used in sweat to release heat by evaporation. Furthermore it uses not a lot of water due to the high latent heat of vapourisation.

99
Q

Why is water a good habitat?

A

Water has a high thermal capacity so a lot of energy is required for a temp change so water has a stable temp and is good for animals to live in as they do not experience rapid temp changes.

100
Q

why is water a good solvent?

A

as it is polar, the ionic substances are completely surrounded due to the attraction between opposite charges and they disolve.

101
Q

what is ATP

A

Adenine Triphosphate is a molecule found in cells and is the immediate source of energy.

102
Q

How does ATP get its energy

A

from energy released from glucose

103
Q

Describe the structure of ATP

A

an adenine bound to a ribose and three phosphates

104
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP

A

In the Bonds between the Phosphates

105
Q

what does ATP break down into when energy is required?

A

ADP Adenine Diphosphate, and an inorganic phosphate ion.

106
Q

what type of reaction breaks down ATP.

A

Hydrolosis

107
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of the inorganic phosphate molecule to another molecule to make it more reactive.

108
Q

What is a postive Ion called?

A

Cation

109
Q

what is a negative Ion called?

A

Anion

110
Q

what does inorganic Ion mean?

A

Does not contain carbon

111
Q

where can inorganic ions be found

A

in cytoplasms and body fluids of organisms

112
Q

inorganic Ions: what is the importance of Iron?

A

To make heamoglobin

113
Q

inorganic Ions: what is the importance of Hydrogen?

A

Determines the PH

114
Q

inorganic Ions: what is the importance of sodium?

A

Needed for co-transport of amino acids and glucose.

115
Q

inorganic Ions? what is the importance of Phosphate

A

Needed for DNA and RNA ATP
the bonds hold energy in ATP
Forms the back bone of DNA and RNA

A level Bio (2 decks)

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