Topic 1 - Atomic Structure And The Periodic Table

Question 1

Which elements are subscripted by a 2?

Answer 1

Iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen.

Question 2

What is a compound?

Answer 2

A substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically combined.

Question 3

What happens in a chemical reaction?

Answer 3

One or more new substances are formed.

Question 4

For every carbon atom how many oxygen atoms are there?

Answer 4

2.

Question 5

What is an ion?

Answer 5

A charged particle formed when an atom, or a group of atoms, loses or gains electrons.

Question 6

What are reactants?

Answer 6

Substances that react together in a chemical reaction.

Question 7

What is the symbol for solid?

Answer 7

(s)

Question 8

What is the symbol for liquid?

Answer 8

(l)

Question 9

What is the symbol for gas?

Answer 9

(g)

Question 10

What is the symbol for aqueous solution?

Answer 10

(aq)

Question 11

What happens when a substance dissolves in water?

Answer 11

An aqueous solution forms.

Question 12

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Answer 12

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction, so the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactions.

Question 13

What does a pure substance consist of?

Answer 13

One element or one compound.

Question 14

What does a mixture consist of?

Answer 14

Two or more different substances, not chemically joined together.

Question 15

Explain separating mixtures?

Answer 15

They can be separated by physical processes, these processes do not involve chemical reactions and no new substances are made.

Question 16

What is filtration and an example of it?

Answer 16

Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example, sand and water.

Question 17

Why is filter paper used in filtration?

Answer 17

It has tiny holes in it that are large enough to let small molecules and dissolved ions through.

Question 18

What is the method for filtration?

Answer 18

One beaker contains a mixture of solid and liquid, the other contains a funnel with filter paper
The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel.
Image caption,
2. The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel
The liquid drips through the filter paper into the beaker below, but the solid particles are caught in the filter paper.
Image caption,
3. The liquid drips through the filter paper but the solid particles are caught in the filter paper

Question 19

What is crystallisation used for and what is an example of this?

Answer 19

Used to produce solid crystals from a solution. For example, it is used to obtain copper sulfate crystals from copper sulfate solution.

Question 20

What is the method for crystallisation?

Answer 20

1. A solution is placed in an evaporating basin and heated with a Bunsen burner.
   The amount of the solution has reduced as some has evaporated. Small particles can be seen at the bottom of the basin containing the solution
   Image caption,
2. The volume of the solution has decreased because some of the water has evaporated. Solid particles begin to form in the basin.
   The solution has evaporated, leaving a crystalised solute
   Image caption,
3. All the water has evaporated, leaving solid crystals behind.

Question 21

What is simple distillation and an example of this?

Answer 21

Used to separate a solvent from a solution. For example, producing pure water from seawater.

Question 22

Why does simple distillation work?

Answer 22

because the dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent. When the solution is heated, solvent vapour leaves the solution. It moves away and is cooled and
condensed. The remaining solution becomes more concentrated as the amount of solvent in it decreases.

Question 23

What is the method for simple distillation?

Answer 23

1. Salty water is heated
2. The water vapour cools in the condenser and drips into a beaker
3. The water has condensed and is now in the beaker, the salt stays behind

Question 24

What is fractional distillation and what is an example?

Answer 24

Used to separate different liquids from a mixture of liquids. For example, separating ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water.

Question 25

Why does fractional distillation work?

Answer 25

because the different liquids have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated: vapours rise through a column which is hot at the bottom, and cooler at the top vapours condense when they reach a part of the column that is below the temperature of their boiling point each liquid is led away from the column

Question 26

What is the method for fractional distillation? (Ethanol and water)

Answer 26

1. Water and ethanol solution is heated 2. The ethanol evaporates first, cools, then condenses 3. The water left evaporates, cools, then condenses

Question 27

What is paper chromatography and what is an example?

Answer 27

Used to separate mixtures of soluble substances. For example, coloured substances - food colourings, inks, dyes, or plant pigments.

Question 28

What is the method for paper chromatography?

Answer 28

1. Ink or plant dye is dotted along the pencil line. 2. As the paper is lowered into the solvent, some of the dye spreads up the paper 3. The paper has absorbed the solvent, and the dye has spread further up the paper

Question 29

What are the two phases that chromatography relies on?

Answer 29

The stationary phase- very uniform, absorbent paper. The mobile phase- the solvent that moves through the paper, carrying different substances with it.

Question 30

What happens when a mixture is heated in simple distillation?

Answer 30

The solvent evaporates and leaves the solution.

Question 31

What method is used to obtain pure water from salt solution?

Answer 31

Simple distillation.

Question 32

Who published his ideas about atoms in 1803 and what were they?

Answer 32

John Dalton. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms.

Question 33

Who discovered the electron?

Answer 33

Jj Thomson.

Question 34

Which model of the atom did jj Thomson suggest?

Answer 34

The plum pudding model.

Question 35

What was the plum pudding model?

Answer 35

A ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

Question 36

In 1909, who designed the alpha particle scattering experiment?

Answer 36

Ernest Rutherford.

Question 37

What was the alpha particle scattering experiment?

Answer 37

It was designed to test the plum pudding model. Positively charged alpha particles were fired at thin gold foil, most went straight through but a few were scattered in different directions.

Question 38

What new model of the atom was suggested after the evidence from the alpha particle scattering experiment and who suggested it?

Answer 38

The nuclear model and Ernest Rutherford.

Question 39

In the nuclear model. . ?

Answer 39

The mass of the atom is concentrated at its centre, the nucleus The nucleus is positively charged.

Question 40

Who developed the nuclear model?

Answer 40

Niels Bohr.

Question 41

Further experiments by Niels Bohr led to what?

Answer 41

The idea that the nucleus contained small particles called protons.

Question 42

What did James Chadwick discover in 1932?

Answer 42

There were particles with mass but no charge in the nucleus, called neutrons.

Question 43

What is the radius of an atom?

Answer 43

0.1nm (1x10*-10m)

Question 44

How much smaller is the radius of a nucleus compared to the atom?

Answer 44

1/10,000

Question 45

What are the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons?

Answer 45

Protons- 1 Neutrons- 1 Electrons- very small

Question 46

What are the charges of protons, neutrons and electrons?

Answer 46

Protons- +1 Neutrons- 0 Electrons- -1

Question 47

Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

Answer 47

In the nucleus.

Question 48

What is an isotope?

Answer 48

An atom of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Question 49

Isotopes have..?

Answer 49

The same atomic number Different mass number

Question 50

What is the difference between mass number and relative atomic mass?

Answer 50

Mass numbers are always whole numbers however relative atomic mass numbers are often rounded to the nearest whole number but are not actually whole numbers.

Question 51

How do you calculate relative atomic mass?

Answer 51

Total mass of atoms (abundance x mass number) ÷ total number of atoms.

Question 52

What is the mass number of at atom?

Answer 52

The total amount of protons and neutrons.

Question 53

What is the atomic number of an atom?

Answer 53

The amount of protons (and electrons)

Question 54

What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

Answer 54

The average mass of its atoms compared to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Question 55

How did Mendeleev arrange his first periodic table?

Answer 55

In order of increasing atomic weights.

Question 56

What did Mendeleev do in his periodic table for elements discovered in the future?

Answer 56

He left gaps by predicting the properties of the elements.

Question 57

What are the elements arranged in and what order in the modern periodic table?

Answer 57

Arranged in rows and in order of increasing atomic number.

Question 58

Elements with ___ _____ are placed in vertical columns called ___?

Answer 58

Similar properties, groups.

Question 59

What is electronic structure?

Answer 59

The way in which electrons are arranged in an atom.

Question 60

What is the maximum amount of shells held in the first shell of an atom?

Answer 60

2

Question 61

How does the number of shells link to the periodic table?

Answer 61

Period number.

Question 62

How does the number of electrons in the outermost shell link to the periodic table?

Answer 62

Group number.

Question 63

How does the total number of electrons in all shells link to the periodic table?

Answer 63

Atomic number.

Question 64

In chemical reactions metal atoms ____ electrons to form _____ ions?

Answer 64

Lose, positive

Question 65

Metals have ____ melting and boiling points?

Answer 65

High.

Question 66

Most non-metals have ___ melting and boiling points?

Answer 66

Low.

Question 67

Elements in group 1 and 2 are..?

Answer 67

Metals.

Question 68

Elements in groups 6, 7 and 0 are..?

Answer 68

Non-metals.

Question 69

Group 0 elements (except helium) have _____ electrons in their outer shell?

Answer 69

8

Question 70

What happens to metal atoms in chemical reactions?

Answer 70

They lose electrons to form positive ions.

Question 71

Metals are on the _____ of the stepped line, and non-metals are on the _____ of the stepped line in the periodic table?

Answer 71

Left, right.

Question 72

The elements in group 0 are called the..?

Answer 72

Noble gases.

Question 73

Noble gases have ____ boiling points?

Answer 73

Low

Question 74

Going down group 0: Atoms become _____? Intermolecular forces between atoms become ______? _____ energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces?

Answer 74

Larger, stronger, more.

Question 75

The noble gases are inert- they are extremely..?

Answer 75

Unreactive.

Question 76

Elements in group 1 are called the..?

Answer 76

Alkali metals.

Question 77

What are 3 physical properties of the alkali metals?

Answer 77

They are soft. Relatively low melting points. Low densities.

Question 78

Going down group 1, melting point..?

Answer 78

Decreases.

Question 79

The alkali metals react with water to produce what two things?

Answer 79

A metal hydroxide and hydrogen.

Question 80

What happens when Lithium reacts with water?

Answer 80

Fizzes, slowly becomes smaller until it disappears.

Question 81

What happens when Sodium reacts with water?

Answer 81

Fizzes, melts to form a ball, quickly becomes smaller until it disappears.

Question 82

What happens when potassium reacts with water?

Answer 82

Burns violently with sparks and a lilac flame, quickly melts to form a ball, disappears rapidly, often with a small explosion.

Question 83

Group 1 elements react with oxygen from the air to make what?

Answer 83

Metal oxides.

Question 84

What increases as you go down group 1?

Answer 84

Reactivity.

Question 85

An alkali metal and chlorine reacting together produce what?

Answer 85

Chlorides.

Question 86

The reactions with chlorine get ____ vigorous going down the group?

Answer 86

More.

Question 87

Going down group 1: Atoms become _____? Outer electron moves _____ from the nucleus? Force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron _______? The outer electron is ____ more easily?

Answer 87

Larger, further, decreases, lost.

Question 88

The elements in group 7 are called the..?

Answer 88

Halogens.

Question 89

In all groups of the periodic table, the further down the group on element is, the _____ it’s relative molecular mass?

Answer 89

Higher.

Question 90

The further down the group a halogen is, the _______ it’s melting and boiling point?

Answer 90

Higher.

Question 91

Going down group 7: The molecules become _____? Intermolecular forces become _______? _____ energy is need to overcome intermolecular forces?

Answer 91

Larger, stronger, more.

Question 92

Halogens react with metals to produce..?

Answer 92

Salts- made up of ions which are held together by ionic bonds.

Question 93

In group 7, reactivity _______ down the group?

Answer 93

Decreases.

Question 94

What is the product of a halogen reacting with non-metals such as hydrogen?

Answer 94

A compound- hydrogen halide.

Question 95

A more reactive halogen can displace..?

Answer 95

A less reactive halogen from solutions of its salts.

Question 96

Transition metals are in the ______ part of the periodic table?

Answer 96

Central.

Question 97

Transition elements share some physical properties with all metals: They _______ electricity in the ____ and ____ states? They are _____ when freshly cut?

Answer 97

Conduct, solid, liquid, shiny.

Question 98

Most transition metals have: ______ melting points? ______ densities? ______ strength? ______ hardness?

Answer 98

Higher, higher, greater, greater.

Question 99

What are elements that have properties that are typical of transition metals?

Answer 99

Chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper.

Question 100

Most transition metals react … … with oxygen at room temperature?

Answer 100

Slowly, or not at all.

Question 101

How do most transition metals react with cold water?

Answer 101

Slowly or not at all.

Question 102

Transition elements form ions with what charges?

Answer 102

Different.

Question 103

Transition elements form what compounds?

Answer 103

Coloured.

Question 104

Catalysts are..?

Answer 104

Substances that increase the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction.