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Chemistry AQA > Topic 1 - Atomic Structure And The Periodic Table > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Atomic Structure And The Periodic Table Flashcards

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1
Q

Which elements are subscripted by a 2?

A

Iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen.

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically combined.

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3
Q

What happens in a chemical reaction?

A

One or more new substances are formed.

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4
Q

For every carbon atom how many oxygen atoms are there?

A

2.

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5
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged particle formed when an atom, or a group of atoms, loses or gains electrons.

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6
Q

What are reactants?

A

Substances that react together in a chemical reaction.

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7
Q

What is the symbol for solid?

A

(s)

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8
Q

What is the symbol for liquid?

A

(l)

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9
Q

What is the symbol for gas?

A

(g)

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10
Q

What is the symbol for aqueous solution?

A

(aq)

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11
Q

What happens when a substance dissolves in water?

A

An aqueous solution forms.

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12
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

No atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction, so the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactions.

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13
Q

What does a pure substance consist of?

A

One element or one compound.

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14
Q

What does a mixture consist of?

A

Two or more different substances, not chemically joined together.

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15
Q

Explain separating mixtures?

A

They can be separated by physical processes, these processes do not involve chemical reactions and no new substances are made.

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16
Q

What is filtration and an example of it?

A

Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example, sand and water.

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17
Q

Why is filter paper used in filtration?

A

It has tiny holes in it that are large enough to let small molecules and dissolved ions through.

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18
Q

What is the method for filtration?

A

One beaker contains a mixture of solid and liquid, the other contains a funnel with filter paper
The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel.
Image caption,
2. The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel
The liquid drips through the filter paper into the beaker below, but the solid particles are caught in the filter paper.
Image caption,
3. The liquid drips through the filter paper but the solid particles are caught in the filter paper

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19
Q

What is crystallisation used for and what is an example of this?

A

Used to produce solid crystals from a solution. For example, it is used to obtain copper sulfate crystals from copper sulfate solution.

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20
Q

What is the method for crystallisation?

A
  1. A solution is placed in an evaporating basin and heated with a Bunsen burner.
    The amount of the solution has reduced as some has evaporated. Small particles can be seen at the bottom of the basin containing the solution
    Image caption,
  2. The volume of the solution has decreased because some of the water has evaporated. Solid particles begin to form in the basin.
    The solution has evaporated, leaving a crystalised solute
    Image caption,
  3. All the water has evaporated, leaving solid crystals behind.
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21
Q

What is simple distillation and an example of this?

A

Used to separate a solvent from a solution. For example, producing pure water from seawater.

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22
Q

Why does simple distillation work?

A

because the dissolved solute has a much higher boiling point than the solvent. When the solution is heated, solvent vapour leaves the solution. It moves away and is cooled and
condensed. The remaining solution becomes more concentrated as the amount of solvent in it decreases.

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23
Q

What is the method for simple distillation?

A
  1. Salty water is heated
  2. The water vapour cools in the condenser and drips into a beaker
  3. The water has condensed and is now in the beaker, the salt stays behind
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24
Q

What is fractional distillation and what is an example?

A

Used to separate different liquids from a mixture of liquids. For example, separating ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water.

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25
Q

Why does fractional distillation work?

A

because the different liquids have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated:
vapours rise through a column which is hot at the bottom, and cooler at the top
vapours condense when they reach a part of the column that is below the temperature of their boiling point
each liquid is led away from the column

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26
Q

What is the method for fractional distillation?
(Ethanol and water)

A
  1. Water and ethanol solution is heated
  2. The ethanol evaporates first, cools, then condenses
  3. The water left evaporates, cools, then condenses
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27
Q

What is paper chromatography and what is an example?

A

Used to separate mixtures of soluble substances. For example, coloured substances - food colourings, inks, dyes, or plant pigments.

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28
Q

What is the method for paper chromatography?

A
  1. Ink or plant dye is dotted along the pencil line.
  2. As the paper is lowered into the solvent, some of the dye spreads up the paper
  3. The paper has absorbed the solvent, and the dye has spread further up the paper
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29
Q

What are the two phases that chromatography relies on?

A

The stationary phase- very uniform, absorbent paper.
The mobile phase- the solvent that moves through the paper, carrying different substances with it.

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30
Q

What happens when a mixture is heated in simple distillation?

A

The solvent evaporates and leaves the solution.

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31
Q

What method is used to obtain pure water from salt solution?

A

Simple distillation.

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32
Q

Who published his ideas about atoms in 1803 and what were they?

A

John Dalton. He thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called atoms.

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33
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

Jj Thomson.

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34
Q

Which model of the atom did jj Thomson suggest?

A

The plum pudding model.

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35
Q

What was the plum pudding model?

A

A ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it.

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36
Q

In 1909, who designed the alpha particle scattering experiment?

A

Ernest Rutherford.

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37
Q

What was the alpha particle scattering experiment?

A

It was designed to test the plum pudding model. Positively charged alpha particles were fired at thin gold foil, most went straight through but a few were scattered in different directions.

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38
Q

What new model of the atom was suggested after the evidence from the alpha particle scattering experiment and who suggested it?

A

The nuclear model and Ernest Rutherford.

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39
Q

In the nuclear model. . ?

A

The mass of the atom is concentrated at its centre, the nucleus
The nucleus is positively charged.

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40
Q

Who developed the nuclear model?

A

Niels Bohr.

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41
Q

Further experiments by Niels Bohr led to what?

A

The idea that the nucleus contained small particles called protons.

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42
Q

What did James Chadwick discover in 1932?

A

There were particles with mass but no charge in the nucleus, called neutrons.

43
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

0.1nm (1x10*-10m)

44
Q

How much smaller is the radius of a nucleus compared to the atom?

A

1/10,000

45
Q

What are the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

Protons- 1
Neutrons- 1
Electrons- very small

46
Q

What are the charges of protons, neutrons and electrons?

A

Protons- +1
Neutrons- 0
Electrons- -1

47
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

A

In the nucleus.

48
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

49
Q

Isotopes have..?

A

The same atomic number
Different mass number

50
Q

What is the difference between mass number and relative atomic mass?

A

Mass numbers are always whole numbers however relative atomic mass numbers are often rounded to the nearest whole number but are not actually whole numbers.

51
Q

How do you calculate relative atomic mass?

A

Total mass of atoms (abundance x mass number) ÷ total number of atoms.

52
Q

What is the mass number of at atom?

A

The total amount of protons and neutrons.

53
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom?

A

The amount of protons (and electrons)

54
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

A

The average mass of its atoms compared to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

55
Q

How did Mendeleev arrange his first periodic table?

A

In order of increasing atomic weights.

56
Q

What did Mendeleev do in his periodic table for elements discovered in the future?

A

He left gaps by predicting the properties of the elements.

57
Q

What are the elements arranged in and what order in the modern periodic table?

A

Arranged in rows and in order of increasing atomic number.

58
Q

Elements with ___ _____ are placed in vertical columns called ___?

A

Similar properties, groups.

59
Q

What is electronic structure?

A

The way in which electrons are arranged in an atom.

60
Q

What is the maximum amount of shells held in the first shell of an atom?

A

2

61
Q

How does the number of shells link to the periodic table?

A

Period number.

62
Q

How does the number of electrons in the outermost shell link to the periodic table?

A

Group number.

63
Q

How does the total number of electrons in all shells link to the periodic table?

A

Atomic number.

64
Q

In chemical reactions metal atoms ____ electrons to form _____ ions?

A

Lose, positive

65
Q

Metals have ____ melting and boiling points?

A

High.

66
Q

Most non-metals have ___ melting and boiling points?

A

Low.

67
Q

Elements in group 1 and 2 are..?

A

Metals.

68
Q

Elements in groups 6, 7 and 0 are..?

A

Non-metals.

69
Q

Group 0 elements (except helium) have _____ electrons in their outer shell?

A

8

70
Q

What happens to metal atoms in chemical reactions?

A

They lose electrons to form positive ions.

71
Q

Metals are on the _____ of the stepped line, and non-metals are on the _____ of the stepped line in the periodic table?

A

Left, right.

72
Q

The elements in group 0 are called the..?

A

Noble gases.

73
Q

Noble gases have ____ boiling points?

A

Low

74
Q

Going down group 0:
Atoms become _____?
Intermolecular forces between atoms become ______?
_____ energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces?

A

Larger, stronger, more.

75
Q

The noble gases are inert- they are extremely..?

A

Unreactive.

76
Q

Elements in group 1 are called the..?

A

Alkali metals.

77
Q

What are 3 physical properties of the alkali metals?

A

They are soft.
Relatively low melting points.
Low densities.

78
Q

Going down group 1, melting point..?

A

Decreases.

79
Q

The alkali metals react with water to produce what two things?

A

A metal hydroxide and hydrogen.

80
Q

What happens when Lithium reacts with water?

A

Fizzes, slowly becomes smaller until it disappears.

81
Q

What happens when Sodium reacts with water?

A

Fizzes, melts to form a ball, quickly becomes smaller until it disappears.

82
Q

What happens when potassium reacts with water?

A

Burns violently with sparks and a lilac flame, quickly melts to form a ball, disappears rapidly, often with a small explosion.

83
Q

Group 1 elements react with oxygen from the air to make what?

A

Metal oxides.

84
Q

What increases as you go down group 1?

A

Reactivity.

85
Q

An alkali metal and chlorine reacting together produce what?

A

Chlorides.

86
Q

The reactions with chlorine get ____ vigorous going down the group?

A

More.

87
Q

Going down group 1:
Atoms become _____?
Outer electron moves _____ from the nucleus?
Force of attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron _______?
The outer electron is ____ more easily?

A

Larger, further, decreases, lost.

88
Q

The elements in group 7 are called the..?

A

Halogens.

89
Q

In all groups of the periodic table, the further down the group on element is, the _____ it’s relative molecular mass?

A

Higher.

90
Q

The further down the group a halogen is, the _______ it’s melting and boiling point?

A

Higher.

91
Q

Going down group 7:
The molecules become _____?
Intermolecular forces become _______?
_____ energy is need to overcome intermolecular forces?

A

Larger, stronger, more.

92
Q

Halogens react with metals to produce..?

A

Salts- made up of ions which are held together by ionic bonds.

93
Q

In group 7, reactivity _______ down the group?

A

Decreases.

94
Q

What is the product of a halogen reacting with non-metals such as hydrogen?

A

A compound- hydrogen halide.

95
Q

A more reactive halogen can displace..?

A

A less reactive halogen from solutions of its salts.

96
Q

Transition metals are in the ______ part of the periodic table?

A

Central.

97
Q

Transition elements share some physical properties with all metals:
They _______ electricity in the ____ and ____ states?
They are _____ when freshly cut?

A

Conduct, solid, liquid, shiny.

98
Q

Most transition metals have:
______ melting points?
______ densities?
______ strength?
______ hardness?

A

Higher, higher, greater, greater.

99
Q

What are elements that have properties that are typical of transition metals?

A

Chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper.

100
Q

Most transition metals react … … with oxygen at room temperature?

A

Slowly, or not at all.

101
Q

How do most transition metals react with cold water?

A

Slowly or not at all.

102
Q

Transition elements form ions with what charges?

A

Different.

103
Q

Transition elements form what compounds?

A

Coloured.

104
Q

Catalysts are..?

A

Substances that increase the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction.

Chemistry AQA (2 decks)

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