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GCSE PE-Component 1 > Topic 1 Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Topic 1 Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A 
Production of blood cells
Mineral storage 
Protection of vital organs
Muscle attachement
Movement
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2
Q

Where are blood cells produced

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What do platelets do

A

Help clot blood to form a scab

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4
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Transport oxygen to working muscles

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5
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Fight infection

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6
Q

Mineral storage

A

Calcium and phosphorus are stored to strengthen bones

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7
Q

Protection

A

For Vital organs e.g. heart, brain

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8
Q

Muscle attachment

A

To aid movement so when the muscles contract they pull the bones to cause movement

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9
Q

Where does movement occur

A

Joints

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10
Q

Movement

A

Bones act as levers to help movement

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11
Q

Four types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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12
Q

Long bones function

A

Aid movement by working as levers

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13
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Humérus, fémur

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14
Q

Short bones function

A

Weight bearing, shock absorption

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15
Q

Example of short bones

A

Carpals, tarsals

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16
Q

Uses of short bones

A

Support weight in a handstand

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17
Q

Used of long bones

A

Movement

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18
Q

Flat bones function

A

Provide protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to

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19
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Cranium, ribs, scapula

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20
Q

Uses of flat bones

A

Cranium protects brain if hit by a cricket ball

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21
Q

Irregular bones function

A

Protection and muscle attachment

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22
Q

Example of irregular

A

The vertebrae

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23
Q

Use of irregular

A

Muscle attached to the vertebrae allow a hockey player to bend their back low to dribble a ball

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24
Q

Skull bone name

A

Cranium

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25
Q

Coller bone name

A

Clavicle

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26
Q

Upper arm bone name

A

Humérus

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27
Q

Chest bone name

A

Sternum

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28
Q

Top bone on forearm name

A

Radius

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29
Q

Bottom bone on lower arm name

A

Ulna

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30
Q

Two parts of the pelvis

A

Illium, ischium

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31
Q

Wrist bone

A

Carpals

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32
Q

Hand bone

A

Metacarpals

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33
Q

Fingers/ toes

A

Phalanges

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34
Q

Thigh bone

A

Fémur

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35
Q

Knee bone

A

Patella

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36
Q

Ankle bone

A

Tarsals

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37
Q

Foot bone

A

Metatarsals

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38
Q

Five regions of the vertebrae column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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39
Q

Way to remember the vertebrae

A 
Cute
Teddies
Love
Some
Cuddles
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40
Q

What is a joint

A

A place where two or more bones meet, where movement can occur

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41
Q

Movement at hinge joint

A

Flexion

Extension

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42
Q

Hinge joint location

A

Knee
Elbow
Ankle

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43
Q

Movement at ball and socket joints

A 
Flexion 
Extension 
Rotation
Circumduction 
Abduction 
Adduction
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44
Q

Where are ball socket joints located

A

Hip

Shoulder

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45
Q

where is a pivot joint loacated

A

Neck (atlas and axis)

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46
Q

Movement at pivot joint

A

Rotation

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47
Q

Condyloid joint movement

A

Flexion
Extension
Circumduction

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48
Q

Condyloid location

A

Wrist

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49
Q

Flexion

A

Angle at a joint decreases

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50
Q

Example flexion

A

At the knee to prepare to kick a football

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51
Q

Extension

A

Angle at a joint increases

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52
Q

Extension example

A

Follow through after kicking football

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53
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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54
Q

Abduction example

A

Reaching sideways to intercept a netball

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55
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

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56
Q

Adduction example

A

At the hip in the cross over leg action when throwing a javelin

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57
Q

Rotation

A

When the bone at a joint moves around it’s own axis, rotation allows the biggest range of movement

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58
Q

Rotation example

A

at the shoulder when swimming front crawl

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59
Q

Circumduction

A

Comical movement, allows 360 degrees of movement, at ball and socket joints

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60
Q

Example circumduction

A

At the shoulder swimming butterfly

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61
Q

plantar-flexion

A

movement of the foot downwards when you point your toes occurs at the ankle joint

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62
Q

plantar-flexion example

A

as the gymnast points their toes to make the shape more aesthetically pleasing

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63
Q

dorsiflexion

A

occurs at the ankle joint movement of the foot upwards towards the shin (decreasing the angle at the joint)

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64
Q

dorsiflexion example

A

occurs at the ankle of the leading leg as the athlete jumps the hurdle

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65
Q

what do ligaments do

A

join bone to bone

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66
Q

what are ligaments made of

A

tough connective tissue

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67
Q

why are ligaments relevant to sport

A

help keep joints stable, prevent unwanted movement that may cause an injury, such as a dislocation when playing sport

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68
Q

what do tendons do

A

join muscle to bone

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69
Q

what are tendons made of

A

tough connective tissue

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70
Q

why are tendons relevant to sport

A

hold the muscle to the bone so that when the muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movement at joints

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71
Q

three types of muscles

A

voluntary, involuntary, cardiac

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72
Q

cardiac muscle

A

forms the heart
unconsciously controlled so we don’t have to think about it to contract
the eg cardiac muscle in the heart contracts to pump blood around the body

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73
Q

voluntary muscle

A

they are the skeletal muscles that attach via tendons to the skeleton to allow movement
under conscious control, we decide when we want them to move
the eg the biceps contract to flex the arm at the elbow when we perform bicep curls

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74
Q

involuntary muscle

A

found in blood vessels and the stomach and intestines
they contract slowly and rhythmically and are unconsciously controlled and they contract automatically when the body requires
the eg the blood vessels help regulate blood flow for vascular shunting

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75
Q

deltoid

A

top of the shoulder
abducts the arm at the shoulder
lifting your arms above your head to block the ball in volleyball

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76
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

side of back
adducts the upper arm at the shoulder/rotates the humerus
bringing arms back to side during a straight jump in trampolining

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77
Q

pectoralis major

A

front of upper chest
adducts the arm at the shoulder
follow-through from a forehand drive in tennis

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78
Q

external obliques

A

between lower ribs and abdomen
rotates the trunk and helps pull chest down
rotating trunk while throwing the javelin

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79
Q

antagonistic pairs

A

skeletal muscles that work together to provide movement of the joints
while one muscle contracts the other relaxes to create movement

80
Q

agonist

A

muscle working

81
Q

another work for the agonist

A

prime mover

82
Q

antagonist

A

muscle relaxing

83
Q

antagonistic pair in arm

A

biceps and triceps

84
Q

biceps

A

front of the upper arm
flexion of the arm at the elbow
upwards phase of a biceps curl

85
Q

triceps

A

back of upper arm
extension of the arm at the elbow
straightening the arms in a chest press

86
Q

antagonistic pair in upper leg

A

quadriceps and hamstrings

87
Q

quadriceps

A

front of upper leg
extension of the leg at the knee
straightening the leading leg going over a hurdle

88
Q

hamstrings

A

back of upper leg
flexion of the leg at the knee
bending the trailing leg going over a hurdle

89
Q

antagonistic pair in lower leg

A

gastrocnemius and tibilais anterior

90
Q

gastrocnemius

A

back of lower leg
plantar flexion at the ankle
pointing the toes while performing a pike jump in trampolining

91
Q

tibialis anterior

A

front of lower leg
dorsi-flexion at the ankle
bringing the toes up towards the shins when extending the legs in the long jump

92
Q

antagonistic pair at the hips

A

hip flexors and gluteus maximus

93
Q

hip flexors

A

hip/very top of the upper leg
flexion of the leg at the hip
bringing the legs up in a seat-drop in trampolining

94
Q

gluteus maximus

A

buttocks
extension of the leg at the hip
lifting the leg back at the hip when running

95
Q

what are skeletal muscles made up of

A

muscle fibres

96
Q

types of muscle fibres

A

slow twitch type 1, fast twitch 11a, fast twitch 11x

97
Q

slow twitch type 1

A

produce low force
slow speed of contraction
high endurance
+endurance activities to keep going without fatigue eg leg muscles in cross country
-don’t produce much power so not great in short distance events where speed is required

98
Q

fast twitch type 11a

A

produce high force
moderate speed of contraction
medium endurance
+more resistant to fatigue than type 11x eg in a 400m sprint
-not as powerful as type 11x or as fatigue resistant to type 1

99
Q

fast twitch type 11x

A

produce very high force
fast contracting
low endurance
+good for short, explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed eg sprint start or 100m sprint
-only provide power for a very short time before becoming fatigued

100
Q

what is the cardiovascular system made up of

A

blood, blood vessels, heart

101
Q

blood role the CV system

A

the medium that the gases blood cells and nutrients are transported in

102
Q

blood vessels role the CV system

A

the structures that carry the blood

103
Q

heart role the CV system

A

which circulates blood around the body squeezing blood out to the blood vessels each time it beats

104
Q

transport of oxygen in the CV system

A

transports oxygen around the body in the blood. Carries the oxygen to the muscles and vital organs, oxygen is needed in energy production for physical activity

105
Q

transport of carbon dioxide in the CV system

A

carbon dioxide is prduced as a by-product during energy production, the cardiovascular system takes carbon dioxide away from the muscles to get rid of it from the body

106
Q

transport of nutrients in the CV system

A

nutrients are broken down from the food we eat and transported to the body in the blood, athletes need macro- and micro nutrients in order to perform well

107
Q

clotting of open wounds in the CV system

A

platelets that are transported in the blood help to clot wounds by gathering at the site and forming a plug to prevent blood loss. Clotting of blood is needed eg if a performer falls and grazes their knee, so that they can stay on the field and play

108
Q

regulation of body temperature in the CV system

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

109
Q

vasodilation

A

when the body temperature rises the blood vessels under the skin increase in diamter to increase the blood flow to the capillaries under the surface of the skin so heat can radiate from the skin

110
Q

vasoconstriction

A

when the body temperature falls the blood vessels under the skin decrease in diameter to decrease blood flow to the capillaries under the surface of the skin so less heat is lost by radiation

111
Q

tricuspid valve

A

on the right side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle

112
Q

bicuspid valve

A

on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle

113
Q

four chambers of the heart

A

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

114
Q

semi-lunar valves

A

between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery and vein

115
Q

valves function

A

help keep the blood flowing forward by shutting behind blood that has passed through, to prevent it from flowing back the way it came

116
Q

vena cava

A

the main vein bringing de-oxygenated blood back to the heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen

117
Q

aorta

A

the main arterty and carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles

118
Q

pulmonary artery

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take to the lungs to receive oxygen

119
Q

pulmonary vein

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

120
Q

right atrium

A

receives de-oxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava

121
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

122
Q

right ventricle

A

receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve

123
Q

left ventricle

A

receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve

124
Q

septum

A

the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart

125
Q

route of the deoxygenated blood to the lungs back to the heart to the body

A

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valves, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valves, aorta, body

126
Q

arteries structure

A

thick, muscular elastic walls

small lumen

127
Q

arteries function

A

carry blood at a high pressure AWAY from the heart, mainly carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery which deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

128
Q

arteries relevance

A

blood pressure increases during exercise as the working muscles demand more oxygen, increasing blood flow, the muscles in the artery walls contract and relax automatically, when the muscle relaxes the arteries dilate so there is more room for the blood to travel through, helping regulate blood pressure

129
Q

capillaries structure

A

very thin walls
one cell thick
small lumen

130
Q

capillaries functions

A

link smaller arteries with smaller veins

carry blood at a very low pressure

131
Q

capillaries relevance

A

allow gaseous exchange
walls are very thin to allow gases and nutrients to pass through them, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and removing carbon dioxide

132
Q

veins structure

A

thin walls
contain valves
large lumen

133
Q

veins functions

A

carry blood at low pressure towards heart

mainly carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

134
Q

veins relevance

A

veins carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles, the wide lumen allows blood to pass through more easily and the valves help return the blood to the heart by preventing backflow due to low pressure

135
Q

vascular shunting

A

where blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles

136
Q

why is it important to complete digestion before exercise

A

as blood will be diverted away from the digestive system to the working muscles for exercise

137
Q

four main components of the blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

138
Q

plasma function in the blood

A

transports the blood cells, platelets and nutrients to the different parts of the body, liquid part of the blood

139
Q

red blood cells function in the blood

A

carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

140
Q

what does oxygen bind to in the blood

A

haemoglobin

141
Q

platelets function in the blood

A

prevent bleeding as they stick to each other and to the walls of the blood vessels

142
Q

white blood cells function in the blood

A

help fight infection, they travel around the body in the plasma and fight any infections or diseases that may be there

143
Q

composition of inhaled air

A

nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 0.04%

144
Q

composition of exhaled air

A

nitrogen 78%, oxygen 16%, carbon dioxide 4%

145
Q

why is the composition of exhaled air different to inhaled air

A

nitrogen stays the same as the body doesn’t need it, oxygen goes down because oxygen is used in energy production so less is breathed out, carbon dioxide increases as a by-product of energy production

146
Q

lung volume

A

capacity of the lungs, how much air they can hold, the greater the volume of the lungs the more air they can hold

147
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath, when our bodies are resting breathing is slower and shallower than when exercising so less oxygen is breathed in, less carbon dioxide is breathed out

148
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can expire

made up of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume

149
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume that can be exhaled

150
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume that can be inhaled

151
Q

what do the lungs allow

A

ventilation

152
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the body

153
Q

bronchi

A

left and right bronchis that take air to each of the lungs

154
Q

bronchioles

A

the smaller airways from the bronchi

155
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs, attached to the branches of the bronchioles throughout the lungs, at the alveoli the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

156
Q

diaphragm during inspiration

A

contracts and flattens to make more space in the chest so the lungs can expand to draw in air

157
Q

diaphragm during expiration

A

the diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape, making the chest cavity smaller, this helps force air out of the lungs

158
Q

what happens when the demand for oxygen increases

A

the rate and depth of breathing increases

159
Q

gas exchange

A

gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

160
Q

gas exchange - alveoli to capillaries

A

alveoli have a high concentration of oxygen, capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen, movement of oxygen from a high pressure to a low pressure through the thin walls of the capillaries and alveoli, capillaries gain oxygen from the alveoli and transport it around the body

161
Q

gas exchange- capillaries to alveoli

A

capillaries surrounding alveoli from muscles have a high concentration of carbon dioxide, alveoli have a low concentration of carbon dioxide, movement of carbon dioxide from high pressure to low, carbon dioxide is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out

162
Q

gas exchange in aerobic activity

A

increase in breathing rate and an increase in gas exchange to meet the demands of the working muscles for more oxygen

163
Q

gas exchange after anaerobic activity

A

elevated breathing rate, allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery

164
Q

what activities use aerobic respiration

A

long duration, moderate pace rather than intense pace eg long distance running

165
Q

what activities use anaerobic respiration

A

high intensity, very short duration eg 100m sprint

166
Q

aerobic

A

uses oxygen

167
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

168
Q

energy sources

A

fats and carbohydrates

169
Q

what are fats and energy source for

A

aerobic respiration

170
Q

how are fats used as an energy source

A

require oxygen to break them down, are slow to break down, once broken down they give high quantities of energy for exercise

171
Q

how are carbohydrates used as an energy source

A

don’t require oxygen to break them down, don’t give as much energy as fats, easier to break down than fats therefore release energy quicker than fats

172
Q

what are carbohydrates used as an energy source for

A

aerobic and anaerobic respiration

173
Q

lactic acid

A

produced as a by-product when carbohydrates are broken down without oxygen during anaerobic respiration

174
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose-> lactic acid+ energy

175
Q

what happens when lactic acid accumulates

A

the muscles become tired and work less efficiently, causing a drop in performance

176
Q

energy sources definition

A

the macronutrients that provide energy

177
Q

anaerobic energy production leads to what…

A

muscle fatigue, lactate accumulation

178
Q

what happens to the demand for energy when you start exercising

A

increases

179
Q

what do the muscles use when they need energy

A

oxygen stores in the muscles, the haemoglobin in the blood

180
Q

oxygen deficit

A

muscles produce energy anaerobically

181
Q

during recovery what is the extra oxygen used for

A

replenish myoglobin stores with oxygen, break down lactate or lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water, allow energy stores in the muscles to be replenished

182
Q

muscles fatigue

A

when the efficiency of the muscles drops, reducing the level of performance

183
Q

lactate

A

a chemical formed through anaerobic respiration

184
Q

lactate accumulation

A

when the levels of lactate start to build up in the muscle tissue or blood

185
Q

heart rate

A

number of time the heart beats per minute

186
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood leaving the heart each beat

187
Q

cardiac output equation

A

HR x SV

188
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

189
Q

breathing rate

A

number of breaths per minute

190
Q

recovery rate

A

the time it takes for the heart to return to resting rate

191
Q

short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system

A

increase in HR,SV,CO, blood pressure, vascular shunting will also occur

192
Q

short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system

A

increase in rate of breathing, depth of breathing, gas exchange and therefore tidal volume, oxygen deficit will also occur depending on the nature of the exercise

193
Q

what happens as the breathing depth and breathing rate increases

A

draws air into the body faster

194
Q

what happens when gas exchange is done quicker

A

increase in blood flow due to increased HR and SV, blood can pick up more oxygen from the lungs and transport it more quickly to the lungs

195
Q

what happens when there is an increased oxygen delivery to the muscles from the lungs

A

means there is also increased removal of carbon dioxide from the muscles to the lungs

GCSE PE-Component 1 (3 decks)

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