Topic 1 Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
Production of blood cells Mineral storage Protection of vital organs Muscle attachement Movement
Where are blood cells produced
Bone marrow
What do platelets do
Help clot blood to form a scab
What do red blood cells do
Transport oxygen to working muscles
What do white blood cells do
Fight infection
Mineral storage
Calcium and phosphorus are stored to strengthen bones
Protection
For Vital organs e.g. heart, brain
Muscle attachment
To aid movement so when the muscles contract they pull the bones to cause movement
Where does movement occur
Joints
Movement
Bones act as levers to help movement
Four types of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
Long bones function
Aid movement by working as levers
Examples of long bones
Humérus, fémur
Short bones function
Weight bearing, shock absorption
Example of short bones
Carpals, tarsals
Uses of short bones
Support weight in a handstand
Used of long bones
Movement
Flat bones function
Provide protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to
Examples of flat bones
Cranium, ribs, scapula
Uses of flat bones
Cranium protects brain if hit by a cricket ball
Irregular bones function
Protection and muscle attachment
Example of irregular
The vertebrae
Use of irregular
Muscle attached to the vertebrae allow a hockey player to bend their back low to dribble a ball
Skull bone name
Cranium
Coller bone name
Clavicle
Upper arm bone name
Humérus
Chest bone name
Sternum
Top bone on forearm name
Radius
Bottom bone on lower arm name
Ulna
Two parts of the pelvis
Illium, ischium
Wrist bone
Carpals
Hand bone
Metacarpals
Fingers/ toes
Phalanges
Thigh bone
Fémur
Knee bone
Patella
Ankle bone
Tarsals
Foot bone
Metatarsals
Five regions of the vertebrae column
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Way to remember the vertebrae
Cute Teddies Love Some Cuddles
What is a joint
A place where two or more bones meet, where movement can occur
Movement at hinge joint
Flexion
Extension
Hinge joint location
Knee
Elbow
Ankle
Movement at ball and socket joints
Flexion Extension Rotation Circumduction Abduction Adduction
Where are ball socket joints located
Hip
Shoulder
where is a pivot joint loacated
Neck (atlas and axis)
Movement at pivot joint
Rotation
Condyloid joint movement
Flexion
Extension
Circumduction
Condyloid location
Wrist
Flexion
Angle at a joint decreases
Example flexion
At the knee to prepare to kick a football
Extension
Angle at a joint increases
Extension example
Follow through after kicking football
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Abduction example
Reaching sideways to intercept a netball
Adduction
Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
Adduction example
At the hip in the cross over leg action when throwing a javelin
Rotation
When the bone at a joint moves around it’s own axis, rotation allows the biggest range of movement
Rotation example
at the shoulder when swimming front crawl
Circumduction
Comical movement, allows 360 degrees of movement, at ball and socket joints
Example circumduction
At the shoulder swimming butterfly
plantar-flexion
movement of the foot downwards when you point your toes occurs at the ankle joint
plantar-flexion example
as the gymnast points their toes to make the shape more aesthetically pleasing
dorsiflexion
occurs at the ankle joint movement of the foot upwards towards the shin (decreasing the angle at the joint)
dorsiflexion example
occurs at the ankle of the leading leg as the athlete jumps the hurdle
what do ligaments do
join bone to bone
what are ligaments made of
tough connective tissue
why are ligaments relevant to sport
help keep joints stable, prevent unwanted movement that may cause an injury, such as a dislocation when playing sport
what do tendons do
join muscle to bone
what are tendons made of
tough connective tissue
why are tendons relevant to sport
hold the muscle to the bone so that when the muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movement at joints
three types of muscles
voluntary, involuntary, cardiac
cardiac muscle
forms the heart
unconsciously controlled so we don’t have to think about it to contract
the eg cardiac muscle in the heart contracts to pump blood around the body
voluntary muscle
they are the skeletal muscles that attach via tendons to the skeleton to allow movement
under conscious control, we decide when we want them to move
the eg the biceps contract to flex the arm at the elbow when we perform bicep curls
involuntary muscle
found in blood vessels and the stomach and intestines
they contract slowly and rhythmically and are unconsciously controlled and they contract automatically when the body requires
the eg the blood vessels help regulate blood flow for vascular shunting
deltoid
top of the shoulder
abducts the arm at the shoulder
lifting your arms above your head to block the ball in volleyball
latissimus dorsi
side of back
adducts the upper arm at the shoulder/rotates the humerus
bringing arms back to side during a straight jump in trampolining
pectoralis major
front of upper chest
adducts the arm at the shoulder
follow-through from a forehand drive in tennis
external obliques
between lower ribs and abdomen
rotates the trunk and helps pull chest down
rotating trunk while throwing the javelin
antagonistic pairs
skeletal muscles that work together to provide movement of the joints
while one muscle contracts the other relaxes to create movement
agonist
muscle working
another work for the agonist
prime mover
antagonist
muscle relaxing
antagonistic pair in arm
biceps and triceps
biceps
front of the upper arm
flexion of the arm at the elbow
upwards phase of a biceps curl
triceps
back of upper arm
extension of the arm at the elbow
straightening the arms in a chest press
antagonistic pair in upper leg
quadriceps and hamstrings
quadriceps
front of upper leg
extension of the leg at the knee
straightening the leading leg going over a hurdle
hamstrings
back of upper leg
flexion of the leg at the knee
bending the trailing leg going over a hurdle
antagonistic pair in lower leg
gastrocnemius and tibilais anterior
gastrocnemius
back of lower leg
plantar flexion at the ankle
pointing the toes while performing a pike jump in trampolining
tibialis anterior
front of lower leg
dorsi-flexion at the ankle
bringing the toes up towards the shins when extending the legs in the long jump
antagonistic pair at the hips
hip flexors and gluteus maximus
hip flexors
hip/very top of the upper leg
flexion of the leg at the hip
bringing the legs up in a seat-drop in trampolining
gluteus maximus
buttocks
extension of the leg at the hip
lifting the leg back at the hip when running
what are skeletal muscles made up of
muscle fibres
types of muscle fibres
slow twitch type 1, fast twitch 11a, fast twitch 11x
slow twitch type 1
produce low force
slow speed of contraction
high endurance
+endurance activities to keep going without fatigue eg leg muscles in cross country
-don’t produce much power so not great in short distance events where speed is required
fast twitch type 11a
produce high force
moderate speed of contraction
medium endurance
+more resistant to fatigue than type 11x eg in a 400m sprint
-not as powerful as type 11x or as fatigue resistant to type 1
fast twitch type 11x
produce very high force
fast contracting
low endurance
+good for short, explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed eg sprint start or 100m sprint
-only provide power for a very short time before becoming fatigued
what is the cardiovascular system made up of
blood, blood vessels, heart
blood role the CV system
the medium that the gases blood cells and nutrients are transported in
blood vessels role the CV system
the structures that carry the blood
heart role the CV system
which circulates blood around the body squeezing blood out to the blood vessels each time it beats
transport of oxygen in the CV system
transports oxygen around the body in the blood. Carries the oxygen to the muscles and vital organs, oxygen is needed in energy production for physical activity
transport of carbon dioxide in the CV system
carbon dioxide is prduced as a by-product during energy production, the cardiovascular system takes carbon dioxide away from the muscles to get rid of it from the body
transport of nutrients in the CV system
nutrients are broken down from the food we eat and transported to the body in the blood, athletes need macro- and micro nutrients in order to perform well
clotting of open wounds in the CV system
platelets that are transported in the blood help to clot wounds by gathering at the site and forming a plug to prevent blood loss. Clotting of blood is needed eg if a performer falls and grazes their knee, so that they can stay on the field and play
regulation of body temperature in the CV system
vasodilation and vasoconstriction
vasodilation
when the body temperature rises the blood vessels under the skin increase in diamter to increase the blood flow to the capillaries under the surface of the skin so heat can radiate from the skin
vasoconstriction
when the body temperature falls the blood vessels under the skin decrease in diameter to decrease blood flow to the capillaries under the surface of the skin so less heat is lost by radiation
tricuspid valve
on the right side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle
bicuspid valve
on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle
four chambers of the heart
left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
semi-lunar valves
between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery and vein
valves function
help keep the blood flowing forward by shutting behind blood that has passed through, to prevent it from flowing back the way it came
vena cava
the main vein bringing de-oxygenated blood back to the heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen
aorta
the main arterty and carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles
pulmonary artery
receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take to the lungs to receive oxygen
pulmonary vein
brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
right atrium
receives de-oxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
right ventricle
receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve
left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve
septum
the wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
route of the deoxygenated blood to the lungs back to the heart to the body
vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, semi-lunar valves, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, semi-lunar valves, aorta, body
arteries structure
thick, muscular elastic walls
small lumen
arteries function
carry blood at a high pressure AWAY from the heart, mainly carry oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary artery which deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
arteries relevance
blood pressure increases during exercise as the working muscles demand more oxygen, increasing blood flow, the muscles in the artery walls contract and relax automatically, when the muscle relaxes the arteries dilate so there is more room for the blood to travel through, helping regulate blood pressure
capillaries structure
very thin walls
one cell thick
small lumen
capillaries functions
link smaller arteries with smaller veins
carry blood at a very low pressure
capillaries relevance
allow gaseous exchange
walls are very thin to allow gases and nutrients to pass through them, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and removing carbon dioxide
veins structure
thin walls
contain valves
large lumen
veins functions
carry blood at low pressure towards heart
mainly carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
veins relevance
veins carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles, the wide lumen allows blood to pass through more easily and the valves help return the blood to the heart by preventing backflow due to low pressure
vascular shunting
where blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles
why is it important to complete digestion before exercise
as blood will be diverted away from the digestive system to the working muscles for exercise
four main components of the blood
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
plasma function in the blood
transports the blood cells, platelets and nutrients to the different parts of the body, liquid part of the blood
red blood cells function in the blood
carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
what does oxygen bind to in the blood
haemoglobin
platelets function in the blood
prevent bleeding as they stick to each other and to the walls of the blood vessels
white blood cells function in the blood
help fight infection, they travel around the body in the plasma and fight any infections or diseases that may be there
composition of inhaled air
nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 0.04%
composition of exhaled air
nitrogen 78%, oxygen 16%, carbon dioxide 4%
why is the composition of exhaled air different to inhaled air
nitrogen stays the same as the body doesn’t need it, oxygen goes down because oxygen is used in energy production so less is breathed out, carbon dioxide increases as a by-product of energy production
lung volume
capacity of the lungs, how much air they can hold, the greater the volume of the lungs the more air they can hold
tidal volume
amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath, when our bodies are resting breathing is slower and shallower than when exercising so less oxygen is breathed in, less carbon dioxide is breathed out
vital capacity
maximum amount of air the lungs can expire
made up of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
the maximum volume that can be exhaled
inspiratory reserve volume
the maximum volume that can be inhaled
what do the lungs allow
ventilation
ventilation
movement of air into and out of the body
bronchi
left and right bronchis that take air to each of the lungs
bronchioles
the smaller airways from the bronchi
alveoli
tiny air sacs, attached to the branches of the bronchioles throughout the lungs, at the alveoli the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
diaphragm during inspiration
contracts and flattens to make more space in the chest so the lungs can expand to draw in air
diaphragm during expiration
the diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape, making the chest cavity smaller, this helps force air out of the lungs
what happens when the demand for oxygen increases
the rate and depth of breathing increases
gas exchange
gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
gas exchange - alveoli to capillaries
alveoli have a high concentration of oxygen, capillaries surrounding the alveoli have a low concentration of oxygen, movement of oxygen from a high pressure to a low pressure through the thin walls of the capillaries and alveoli, capillaries gain oxygen from the alveoli and transport it around the body
gas exchange- capillaries to alveoli
capillaries surrounding alveoli from muscles have a high concentration of carbon dioxide, alveoli have a low concentration of carbon dioxide, movement of carbon dioxide from high pressure to low, carbon dioxide is moved out of the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out
gas exchange in aerobic activity
increase in breathing rate and an increase in gas exchange to meet the demands of the working muscles for more oxygen
gas exchange after anaerobic activity
elevated breathing rate, allowing greater gas exchange to aid recovery
what activities use aerobic respiration
long duration, moderate pace rather than intense pace eg long distance running
what activities use anaerobic respiration
high intensity, very short duration eg 100m sprint
aerobic
uses oxygen
anaerobic
without oxygen
energy sources
fats and carbohydrates
what are fats and energy source for
aerobic respiration
how are fats used as an energy source
require oxygen to break them down, are slow to break down, once broken down they give high quantities of energy for exercise
how are carbohydrates used as an energy source
don’t require oxygen to break them down, don’t give as much energy as fats, easier to break down than fats therefore release energy quicker than fats
what are carbohydrates used as an energy source for
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
lactic acid
produced as a by-product when carbohydrates are broken down without oxygen during anaerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose-> lactic acid+ energy
what happens when lactic acid accumulates
the muscles become tired and work less efficiently, causing a drop in performance
energy sources definition
the macronutrients that provide energy
anaerobic energy production leads to what…
muscle fatigue, lactate accumulation
what happens to the demand for energy when you start exercising
increases
what do the muscles use when they need energy
oxygen stores in the muscles, the haemoglobin in the blood
oxygen deficit
muscles produce energy anaerobically
during recovery what is the extra oxygen used for
replenish myoglobin stores with oxygen, break down lactate or lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water, allow energy stores in the muscles to be replenished
muscles fatigue
when the efficiency of the muscles drops, reducing the level of performance
lactate
a chemical formed through anaerobic respiration
lactate accumulation
when the levels of lactate start to build up in the muscle tissue or blood
heart rate
number of time the heart beats per minute
stroke volume
the amount of blood leaving the heart each beat
cardiac output equation
HR x SV
cardiac output
amount of blood leaving the heart per minute
breathing rate
number of breaths per minute
recovery rate
the time it takes for the heart to return to resting rate
short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system
increase in HR,SV,CO, blood pressure, vascular shunting will also occur
short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system
increase in rate of breathing, depth of breathing, gas exchange and therefore tidal volume, oxygen deficit will also occur depending on the nature of the exercise
what happens as the breathing depth and breathing rate increases
draws air into the body faster
what happens when gas exchange is done quicker
increase in blood flow due to increased HR and SV, blood can pick up more oxygen from the lungs and transport it more quickly to the lungs
what happens when there is an increased oxygen delivery to the muscles from the lungs
means there is also increased removal of carbon dioxide from the muscles to the lungs
