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CCM > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

Culture and cultural differences among countries

1
Q

What is culture?

A

The beliefs, values and norms embedded in a human group which provides a common identity.

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2
Q

What levels of culture are there?

A

Country
Organisational
Professional.

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3
Q

What are values?

A

Abstract ideas about what a group considers to be good, right and desirable.

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4
Q

What are norms?

A

Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour.

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5
Q

Top-down-bottom-up process order

A

Individual –> group –> organisational –> national –> global

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6
Q

Characteristics of culture

A

Learned
Guide for individuals
Shared by a collective

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7
Q

Determinants of culture

A 
Day to day factors 
Climate
Region
Religion
Education
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8
Q

Hofstede’s basic dimensions

A

Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism/ collectivism
Masculinity/ femininity

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9
Q

Power Distance

A

The extent to which less powerful members of organisations accept an unequal distribution of power

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10
Q

High Power Distance

A

Bypassing boss is insubordinate
Privileges and status symbols for managers
Tall organisational pyramids
Wide salary between top and bottom

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11
Q

Low Power Distance

A

Managers rely on subordinates
Decentralised decision structures
Openness with information
Managers feel adequately paid

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12
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

Measures extent to which people in society feel threatened by ambiguity

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13
Q

High uncertainty avoidance

A

Strong loyalty to the employer
Long average duration of employment
Formal conception of management
Innovations are resisted, but if accepted, applied constantly

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14
Q

Low uncertainty avoidance

A

Top management involved in strategy
Weak loyalty to employer
Belief in common sense

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15
Q

Individualism

A

Describes the relationship between an individual and society

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16
Q

High individualism

A

Preference for loose-knit framework

Individuals are expected to only take care of themselves and their family

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17
Q

High collectivism

A

Tightly knit framework
Individuals look after everyone in their group in return for loyalty
Collective decisions

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18
Q

Masculinity vs Feminity

A

Extent to which values in society are “success, money and material wealth” or “taking care of others, relationships and quality of life”

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19
Q

Masculinity

A

Stress on equity, mutual competition and performance
Managers are decisive, firm, assertive but fair
Ambitious, higher pay, less sick leave

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20
Q

Feminity

A

Job satisfaction and flexibility
Concern for others
Quality of life

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21
Q

Performance orientation

A

Extent to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards and performance improvement

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22
Q

High performance orientation

A 
Value training and development
Emphasize results more than people
Reward performance
Feedback is necessary for improvement
Can-do attitude
Belief that education is critical for success
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23
Q

Low performance orientation

A

Value societal and family relationships
Loyalty & belongingness
High respect for quality of life
High value for sympathy
Being motivated by money is inappropriate
Associate competition with defeat and punishment

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24
Q

Future orientation

A

Degree to which a collectivity encourage and reward future orientated behaviours such as planning

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25
Q

High future orientation

A

Achieve economic success
Save for the future
Longer strategic orientation
Flexible and adaptive
Materialistic success is an integrated whole
Emphasis on a visionary leadership capable of seeing patterns in the face of chaos

26
Q

Low future orientation

A

Lower levels of economic success
Spend now, rather than save for the future
Individuals are less naturally motivated
Inflexible
Emphasis on leadership that focuses on routine

27
Q

Gender egalitarianism

A

The societies that are gender equal and seek to minimise gender role differences

28
Q

High gender egalitarianism

A 
More women in position of authority
Accord women a higher status in society
Higher % women in labour force
Less occupational sex segregation
Similar levels of education for men and women
29
Q

Low gender egalitarianism

A 
Fewer women in positions of authority
Accord women lower status
Lower % women in labour force
More occupational sex segregation
Lower level of female education
30
Q

Assertiveness

A

Degree to which a collectivity encourages to be assertive, aggressive or though in social relationships

31
Q

High assertiveness

A 
Value assertive, tough, dominant behaviour
Sympathy for strong
Value success and progress
Value being explicit
Expressiveness
32
Q

Low assertiveness

A 
Assertiveness is socially unacceptable
Sympathy for weak
Value cooperation
Value warm relationships
Indirect
33
Q

Individualism (organisational level)

A

Members who consider themselves independent from organisation

34
Q

Individualism (group level)

A

Degree to which person shares their goals and rewards

35
Q

High Collectivism

A 
Strong groups
Group goals
Slower pace of life
Extended family structures
Lower divorce and heart attack rates
36
Q

Low Collectivism

A 
Look after themselves
Autonomous
Individual goals
Faster pace of life
Higher divorce and heart attack rates
37
Q

Gesteland’s Model basic dimensions

A

Deal –> relationship focused cultures
Formal –> informal cultures
Monochromic –> polichronic cultures
Expressive –> reserved cultures

38
Q

Examples of deal focused countries

A

Nordic, German, Australia, NZ

39
Q

Examples of relationship-focused countries

A

Arab, Africa, Asia, Latin America

40
Q

Deal focused factors

A 
Task orientated
Direct contact
Talk business from start
Written agreements are important
Contracts and lawyers
Direct language
41
Q

Relationship focused factors

A 
Uncomfortable with strangers
Relationship before business
Who you know
Get to know each other
Indirect language
42
Q

Formal culture countries

A

Europe, Asia, Arab, Latin America

43
Q

Formal culture factors

A

Informality is disrespectful
Respect is important
Status = age, gender, rank

44
Q

Informal culture countries

A

Australia, NZ, Nordic, Netherlands, USA, Canada

45
Q

Informal culture factors

A

Informality is not disrespectful
Normal to use first names
No protocol

46
Q

Monochronic (rigid time) countries

A

Nordic, Germanic, North America, Japan

47
Q

Monochronic factors

A

Punctuality is critical
Fixed agendas
Business meetings are not interrupted

48
Q

Polychronic (fluid time) countries

A

Arab, Africa, Latin America, Asia

49
Q

Polychronic factors

A

People are more important than agendas
Less emphasis on punctuality
Meetings within meetings

50
Q

Expressive culture countries

A

Latin Europe

Latin America

51
Q

Expressive culture factors

A

Uncomfortable with silence
Interruptions are normal
Touching, low interpersonal distance
Eye contact is intense

52
Q

Reserved culture countries

A

Asia, Nordic, Germanic

53
Q

Reserved culture factors

A

Silence isn’t a problem
Physical distance, no touching
Indirect eye contact
Poker face, little body movement

54
Q

Trompenaars Model

A 
Universalism --> particularism
Specific --> diffuse
Individualism --> cummunitarism
Internal --> external control
Sequential --> synchronic time orientation
Acheived --> ascribed status
Egalitarianism --> heirarchy
55
Q

Hall’s model

A

High context cultures

Low context cultures

56
Q

High context culture countries

A

Japan
China
South Korea

57
Q

High context culture factors

A

Emotional

Message is highly dependent on non-verbal communication

58
Q

Low context culture countries

A

Germany
Scandanavia
North America

59
Q

Low context culture factors

A

Factual
No importance on non-verbal communication
Listener must be told everything

60
Q

Schwartz Individual values and representative items

A 
Self-direction
Stimulation
Hedonism
Achievement
Power
Security
Conformity
Tradition
Benevolence
Universalism

CCM (2 decks)

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