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Topic 1 Flashcards

Culture and cultural differences among countries (60 cards)

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

The beliefs, values and norms embedded in a human group which provides a common identity.

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2
Q

What levels of culture are there?

A

Country
Organisational
Professional.

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3
Q

What are values?

A

Abstract ideas about what a group considers to be good, right and desirable.

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4
Q

What are norms?

A

Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour.

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5
Q

Top-down-bottom-up process order

A

Individual –> group –> organisational –> national –> global

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6
Q

Characteristics of culture

A

Learned
Guide for individuals
Shared by a collective

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7
Q

Determinants of culture

A 
Day to day factors 
Climate
Region
Religion
Education
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8
Q

Hofstede’s basic dimensions

A

Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Individualism/ collectivism
Masculinity/ femininity

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9
Q

Power Distance

A

The extent to which less powerful members of organisations accept an unequal distribution of power

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10
Q

High Power Distance

A

Bypassing boss is insubordinate
Privileges and status symbols for managers
Tall organisational pyramids
Wide salary between top and bottom

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11
Q

Low Power Distance

A

Managers rely on subordinates
Decentralised decision structures
Openness with information
Managers feel adequately paid

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12
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

Measures extent to which people in society feel threatened by ambiguity

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13
Q

High uncertainty avoidance

A

Strong loyalty to the employer
Long average duration of employment
Formal conception of management
Innovations are resisted, but if accepted, applied constantly

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14
Q

Low uncertainty avoidance

A

Top management involved in strategy
Weak loyalty to employer
Belief in common sense

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15
Q

Individualism

A

Describes the relationship between an individual and society

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16
Q

High individualism

A

Preference for loose-knit framework

Individuals are expected to only take care of themselves and their family

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17
Q

High collectivism

A

Tightly knit framework
Individuals look after everyone in their group in return for loyalty
Collective decisions

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18
Q

Masculinity vs Feminity

A

Extent to which values in society are “success, money and material wealth” or “taking care of others, relationships and quality of life”

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19
Q

Masculinity

A

Stress on equity, mutual competition and performance
Managers are decisive, firm, assertive but fair
Ambitious, higher pay, less sick leave

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20
Q

Feminity

A

Job satisfaction and flexibility
Concern for others
Quality of life

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21
Q

Performance orientation

A

Extent to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards and performance improvement

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22
Q

High performance orientation

A 
Value training and development
Emphasize results more than people
Reward performance
Feedback is necessary for improvement
Can-do attitude
Belief that education is critical for success
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23
Q

Low performance orientation

A

Value societal and family relationships
Loyalty & belongingness
High respect for quality of life
High value for sympathy
Being motivated by money is inappropriate
Associate competition with defeat and punishment

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24
Q

Future orientation

A

Degree to which a collectivity encourage and reward future orientated behaviours such as planning

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25
High future orientation
Achieve economic success Save for the future Longer strategic orientation Flexible and adaptive Materialistic success is an integrated whole Emphasis on a visionary leadership capable of seeing patterns in the face of chaos
26
Low future orientation
Lower levels of economic success Spend now, rather than save for the future Individuals are less naturally motivated Inflexible Emphasis on leadership that focuses on routine
27
Gender egalitarianism
The societies that are gender equal and seek to minimise gender role differences
28
High gender egalitarianism
``` More women in position of authority Accord women a higher status in society Higher % women in labour force Less occupational sex segregation Similar levels of education for men and women ```
29
Low gender egalitarianism
``` Fewer women in positions of authority Accord women lower status Lower % women in labour force More occupational sex segregation Lower level of female education ```
30
Assertiveness
Degree to which a collectivity encourages to be assertive, aggressive or though in social relationships
31
High assertiveness
``` Value assertive, tough, dominant behaviour Sympathy for strong Value success and progress Value being explicit Expressiveness ```
32
Low assertiveness
``` Assertiveness is socially unacceptable Sympathy for weak Value cooperation Value warm relationships Indirect ```
33
Individualism (organisational level)
Members who consider themselves independent from organisation
34
Individualism (group level)
Degree to which person shares their goals and rewards
35
High Collectivism
``` Strong groups Group goals Slower pace of life Extended family structures Lower divorce and heart attack rates ```
36
Low Collectivism
``` Look after themselves Autonomous Individual goals Faster pace of life Higher divorce and heart attack rates ```
37
Gesteland's Model basic dimensions
Deal --> relationship focused cultures Formal --> informal cultures Monochromic --> polichronic cultures Expressive --> reserved cultures
38
Examples of deal focused countries
Nordic, German, Australia, NZ
39
Examples of relationship-focused countries
Arab, Africa, Asia, Latin America
40
Deal focused factors
``` Task orientated Direct contact Talk business from start Written agreements are important Contracts and lawyers Direct language ```
41
Relationship focused factors
``` Uncomfortable with strangers Relationship before business Who you know Get to know each other Indirect language ```
42
Formal culture countries
Europe, Asia, Arab, Latin America
43
Formal culture factors
Informality is disrespectful Respect is important Status = age, gender, rank
44
Informal culture countries
Australia, NZ, Nordic, Netherlands, USA, Canada
45
Informal culture factors
Informality is not disrespectful Normal to use first names No protocol
46
Monochronic (rigid time) countries
Nordic, Germanic, North America, Japan
47
Monochronic factors
Punctuality is critical Fixed agendas Business meetings are not interrupted
48
Polychronic (fluid time) countries
Arab, Africa, Latin America, Asia
49
Polychronic factors
People are more important than agendas Less emphasis on punctuality Meetings within meetings
50
Expressive culture countries
Latin Europe | Latin America
51
Expressive culture factors
Uncomfortable with silence Interruptions are normal Touching, low interpersonal distance Eye contact is intense
52
Reserved culture countries
Asia, Nordic, Germanic
53
Reserved culture factors
Silence isn't a problem Physical distance, no touching Indirect eye contact Poker face, little body movement
54
Trompenaars Model
``` Universalism --> particularism Specific --> diffuse Individualism --> cummunitarism Internal --> external control Sequential --> synchronic time orientation Acheived --> ascribed status Egalitarianism --> heirarchy ```
55
Hall's model
High context cultures | Low context cultures
56
High context culture countries
Japan China South Korea
57
High context culture factors
Emotional | Message is highly dependent on non-verbal communication
58
Low context culture countries
Germany Scandanavia North America
59
Low context culture factors
Factual No importance on non-verbal communication Listener must be told everything
60
Schwartz Individual values and representative items
``` Self-direction Stimulation Hedonism Achievement Power Security Conformity Tradition Benevolence Universalism ```

CCM (2 decks)

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