Topic 1 Flashcards
Is red wine a health food?
Yes
Protects against oxidative agents that denature PROs causing electron release. Blood p/u oxidative molecules for waste causing inflammation in the vessels. Inflammation leads to a build up of plaque –> heart disease
Food
any solid or liquid material consumed by a living organism that maintains life & growth
3 functions of food
o Something that is consumed, assimilated and distributed over the body. Keeps humans alive
o Supplies E
o Carrier of nutrients
Nutrients
substances the body uses for the growth, maintenance & repair of its tissues. 6 classes divided into 2 grps
What are the 2 grps of nutrients & their 6 classes?
E giving nutrients: carbs, lipids, PROs
Other nutrients: vitamins, minerals & water
What are 7 things that food contains?
o Carbs starch, sugars, fibres, glycogen (form of storage, not consumed)
o PROs
o Lipids fats & oils
o Vitamins
Fat soluble: C, D, E & K
Water soluble: A & grp of B
o Minerals
Ca most abundant in body
o Phytochemicals
o Other cmpnds (ex: caffeine)What is the most commonly used unit of E?
calorie
Kilocalorie or Calorie
amount of heat E required to raise the temp of 1 L of water by 1 degree celcius (cal 1ml of water)
What depends on the amount of energy in food?
carbs
fats
PROs
How does the body store carbs?
glycogen in liver & kidneys
How long does a glycogen store last for?
4-6 hours
What does the brain use for E?
glucose ONLY
How many cal/g?
o Fat 9 Cal/g
o Alcohol 7 cal/g (not a nutrient)
o Carb 4 Cal/g
o PRO 4 Cal/g
What is the role of vitamins & minerals?
assist with runs in the body
Ex: activation of enzymes
Essential nutrients
nutrients that the body cannot make for itself from other raw materials
What are the essential nutrients?
Minerals
essential FAs –> linolenic & linoleic acids
Conditionally Essential Nutrients
• body cannot make enough to meet the requirements for health
What is an ex of a Conditionally Essential Nutrient?
histidine (AA) during periods of growth in children
Conditionally essential for children, not adults
Non-essential Nutrients
body makes for itself, doesn’t have to rely on food intake
What are some exs of Non-essential Nutrients?
some AAs
some FAs
How many AAs are essential?
8
Functional food
contain a nutraceutical, appear to be a conventional food & are consumed as part of a usual diet, but contain a cmpnd with physiological benefits or that can reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions
What is an ex of a functional food & how is it beneficial?
soy based foods
reduce hypertension
Phytochemicals
non-nutrient cmpnds derived from plants that have a beneficial effect on the body
What are 3 roles of phytochemicals?
Act as antioxidants
Mimic hormones
Alter blood constituents to protect against disease
What is a safe source of phytochemicals?
Food is always more effective than supplements
Nutraceuticals
products isolated or purified from food, usually assoc with food. Have physiological benefits or provide protection against chromic disease
Ex of nutraceutical?
Isoflavones
mimics hormones such as estrogens
How do you know what food is right for you?
o Food guide
o Dietary reference intakes (DRI)
What are the food choices?
o Availability, cost, convenience practical
o Emotional (autonomous), social, cultural factors social
o Media advertising
o Habit, positive assoc psychological
o Wt, nutritional value health
What is the significance of the colours & with of the bands of the rainbow?
4 food grps
width = how much you should be consuming
What are the food groups?
♣ Veg & fruits
♣ Grain products
♣ Milk & alternatives
Meat & alternatives
What is the basis of placing the foods in diff groups?
nutritional value of the food
do all foods have a food grp?
no
why is there standardized labeling?
help consumers make informed decisions
nutrition facts labels appear on:
pre packaged foods
nutrition facts label doesn’t appear on:
fruits & vegetables raw meats, seafood & poultry foods prepared & processed in the store foods with few nutrients alcohol
nutrition facts label contains:
quantity of food
amount of cals & 13 nutrients
% daily value
list of ingredients
allergy infdo
certain nutrient info
what is the list of nutrients included in the nutrient facts label?
cals
fat –> saturated & trans
cholesterol
sodium
carbs –> sugar & fiber
PRO
vit A
calcium
Vit C
iron
observation studies
collect data that already exists, no manipulation involved
experimental studies
controlling a factor of an experiment, manipulation involved
descriptive studies & includes what kinds of studies?
can generate a hypothesis, focus on an indiv or pop describes what’s occurring
includes: epidemiological studies, case report, case series
epidemiological studies
Pop or correlation study
case report
not a large sample size, few people with a certain condition
case series
follow cases overtime to observe what is occurring
analytical studies & includes what studies?
can test a specific hypothesis, includes observational & intervention studies
includes: case-control study, cohort study, intervention study
case-control study
following case studies against certain controls, develop conditions that are like a case study
cohort study
more controlled, select your individuals in your study (ex: based on their lifestyle) & test something amongst the selected population. Cannot generalize findings on a separate population
intervention study
divide people into grps
food insecurity
limited or uncertain access to foods of sufficient quality or quantity to sustain a healthy & active life
may have access to enough cals but not enough nutrients
food doesn’t contain enough nutrients & cals required
food security
everyone has access to nutritionally adequate, safe & personally acceptable foods from normal food channels
4 pillars of food security
o Availability: physically & financially available
o Accessibility: have financial means to purchase
o Adequacy: available in sufficient amount to nourish body
o Acceptability: morally & ethically (ex: food restrictions for religious purposes)
how many people die from hunger each year?
9 million
how many people suffer from hunger?
1.2 billion
how many people have micronutrient deficiency?
2-2.5 million
marginal food insecurity
worry about running out and/or limit selection b/c of lack of money of food
moderate food insecurity
compromise in quality and/or quantity of food due to a lack of money for food
severe food insecurity
miss meals, reduce intake & go days without food
what are the 2 challenges of banishing food insecurity?
o Provide enough for the expanding pop without destroying natural resources needed for food production
o Ensure everyone has access to food
what are the health effects of food insecurity in maternal & infant health ?
poorer birth outcomes
impaired growth & development
what are the health effects of food insecurity in children?
o Poorer development and learning
o Impeded disease management
Are sick more often
o Increased likelihood of developing asthma, depression, other chronic conditions
what are the health effects of food insecurity in adults?
o Compromised physical & mental health
o Poor disease management and heightened odds of negative outcomes (including mortality)
what are the causes of hunger
o Lack of money o Food wastage o Diversion of land use to non-productive use More land is used for infrastructure o Incres on export-oriented agriculture o Inefficient agricultural practices o Famine o Drought o Over-fishing o Poor crop yield o Armed conflicts
how much of the food supply is wasted or lost every year?
1/3
what are 4 common methods of food recovery?
o Field gleaning
o Perishable food rescue or salvage
o Prepared food rescue
o Non-perishable food collection
what influences the ability to produce sufficient food?
increased demand for food
increased food production
envr changes that have lead to negative effects on food production & climate change
increased demand for food is influenced by:
o Pop growth
o Urbanization cheaper to buy therefore, people are buying more than what they can consume & end up wasting a lot of it
o Food losses, wastage & spoilage
o Demand for high animal PRO diets more expensive to produce & buy
Loose 90% of E at every level of the food change
what type of impacts will climate change likely have on the food supply?
o Direct impacts: on plant & animal growth, food processing & distribution
o Indirect impacts: social, economic & political structures
how will an incres in CO2 in the atm influence the food supply
o CO2 fertilization effect may incres crop productivity
Change in temperature could have an adverse effect
o Ocean productivity could decline due to acidification
what are the direct effect of climate change
on plant & animal growth, food processing & distribution
hat are the indirect effect of climate change
social, economic & political structures
how will higher temperatures influence the food supply
o Longer growing seasons & incres productivity in high latitudes if temp incres is a max of 3 degree Celsius
o Crop losses & declines in productivity in low latitudes
o Less winter kill but incres thermal stress for livestock
o Poss disruption of transportation lines due to wildfires
how will changes in precipitation influence the food supply
o Reduction in arable land in areas with incres precipitation –> flooding
o Challenges capturing water in areas with incres or unchanged precipitation
o Declines in aquaculture in areas of decres precipitation
how will changes in pests & diseases influence the food supply
o Little known
o Earlier spring activity, greater winter survival & expansion of ranges
how will changes in extreme events influence the food supply
o Crop failure or reduced yields
o Livestock death
o Disruption of transportation lines
how will changes in rising sea levels influence the food supply
elimination & salinization of arable land in some coastal regions
