Topic 1:

Question 1

Result of a meassurement

Answer 1

Magnitude, Error and Unit
(1,830+-0,005)m
Example: Measuring the height of a man

Question 2

Systemaic error

Answer 2

Reproducible inaccuracy introduced:

• Faulty of equipment
• Calibration
• Technique

Question 3

Random error

Answer 3

Indefiniteness of result due to:
- Finite precision of experiment
- Measure of fluctuation
(After repeated experimentation)

Question 4

Accuracy vs. Precision

- The Accuracy

Answer 4

A meassure of how close the result of experiment comes to the true value
= Measure the correctness of the result!

Question 5

Accuracy vs. Precision

- The Precision

Answer 5

• A meassure of how exactly the the result is
• Withought reference of what the result means
• A meassure of how reproducible the result is

Question 6

Systematic error VS Random Error

- Systematic

Answer 6

Low systematic Error –> Are said to be more accurate!

Question 7

Systematic error VS Random Error

- Random Error

Answer 7

Low Random/statistical Error –> Are said to be Precise!

Question 8

The calculation of the mean (average)

Formula of the Mean Value

Answer 8

The Mean Value:
Average = ∑xi
_____
n

Question 9

Standard Deviation

Answer 9

The deviation value:
σ = √ ∑(Xi-Xaverage)2
_____________
n-1

Question 10

Error of Mean (error of the mean average x)

Answer 10

The Error of the Mean Xaverage

∆Xaverage = √ ∑(Xi-Xaverage)^2
____________
n(n-1)

Question 11

The measurement of Radioactive radiations

Answer 11

Importaint in medical practise
Usually done my counting
- Pulse like signals: Always a number eg. 1049 or 98627
- Standard deviation can be measured
- Due to random character: Error can be estimated of 1.meassure

Question 12

The measurement of Radioactive radiations

- Rule

Answer 12

If result = N, the estimated Error is √ N

N +- √ N
√ N= absoulute error
Eg: 1049 +- 32,98627 +-314

Question 13

The measurement of Radioactive radiations

- Relative error

Answer 13

Frequently used
Equal to the ratio of the absolute error and the quantity it self

                  ∆A
                 \_\_\_
                   A

Question 14

The measurement of Radioactive radiations

- Relative error

Answer 14

Frequently present in percentage
∆A
___ * 100 %
A

Question 15

The measurement of Radioactive radiations

- Relative error in Radioactive counting

Answer 15

In case of Radioactive counting, the relative error =
√ N 1
_____ = _____
N √ N

Question 16

Basic rule of error propagation

Answer 16

The result of a measurement is seldom used alone (obtained)
Further quantities are derived using them

Eg: The rectangle - given by the product of length and width
There are four basic arithmetic operations

Question 17

Basic rule of error propagation

- BAsic arithmetic operations

Answer 17

Addisjon, subtraction, multiplication and dividation

Question 18

Basic rule of error propagation

- The error of the SUM

Answer 18

∆(A+B) = √ ((∆A)^2 + (∆B)^2)

Question 19

Basic rule of error propagation

- The error of the Subtraction

Answer 19

∆(A+B) = √ ((∆A)^2 - (∆B)^2)

Question 20

Basic rule of error propagation

- For the product and ratio

Answer 20

Multiplication
∆(A * B)
______ = √ ((∆A)^2 (∆B)^2)
A * B ____ + ____
(A)^2 (B)^2

Question 21

Basic rule of error propagation

- For the product and ratio

Answer 21

Dividation

∆(A /B)
______ = √ ((∆A)^2 (∆B)^2)
A / B ____ + ____
(A)^2 (B)^2

Question 22

Fundamental Quantities

Velocity

Answer 22

Velocity: Length
_______
Time

Question 23

Fundamental Quantities

Force

Answer 23

Force: m
___ * L
t^2

Question 24

Fundamental Quantities

Branches of units?

Answer 24

• Length (m)
• Time (t)
• Temperature (T)
• Electronic current (I)
• Luminous intensity (I0)

Question 25

SI System/ Units

Answer 25

l = (m)
t = (s)
m = (kg)
I = [A]
T = [K]: Kelvin
Io = (cd): Candela