Topic #1-4 Flashcards
Culture relativism
Not be judged by standards of another culture
Paradigm
Way to Look, see, think about the world
Ethnocentrism
View ones culture as superior
Historical linguists
Evolution of language
Sociolinguistics
Different sexes use language; sex/gender, dialect shift or language shift
Grammar
Syntax
Lexicon
Dictionary
Phonology
Sounds in a language
Morphology
Depends on context and convey meaning
4 subfields of anthropology
Archeology
Biological
Linguistic
Cultural
3 fields of linguistic anthropology
Descriptive
Historical
Sociolinguistics
2 fields of cultural anthropology
Ethnography
Ethnology
Taboo
Forbidden
Cultural universal examples
Ex.1: insect taboo
Ex. 2: every culture has a connect of “family”
5 interests within biological anthropology:
Paleoanthropology Human genetics Human growth and development Human biological plasticity The biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other non human primates
Ethnicity
Language, history religion, music, cuisine, dress, architecture
FOXP2 gene
Mutated gene
Foraging characteristics
(Hunting and gathering)
People rely on nature to make a living, with little management of natural resources; less work than farming, band social unit and mobile lifestyle
Modern foragers live on marginal land
Horticulture
Don’t use land, labor, capital and machinery. Use simple tools. Involves SLASH AND BURN techniques
Pastoralism
People who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on caring for herds of domesticated animals
Intensive agriculture
Significant environmental effects; irrigation ditches and paddies become repositories for organic wastes
Industrial agriculture
Factory production, capitalism, socialist production
Power
The ability to exercise ones will over others.
Authority
The socially approved use of power
Bands
Small kin-based group
Tribes
Had economic based on non intensive food production
Chiefdoms
A form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and state
Foraging bands
Small, nomadic or semi nomadic social units-formed seasonally when component nuclear families got together.
Egalitarian
Lack of social stratification
Village head
Always a man
“Big Man” and “Big Women”
Big man had supporters in several villages
Ascribed status
Little or no choice about occupying them. Ex: age
Achieved status
Come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, or accomplishments and may be positive or negative. Ex: senator, healer or terrorism
Market principle
Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
Redistribution
Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies
Reciprocity
One the three principles of exchange: generalized, balanced, and negative
Subsistence fund
Work to eat
Replacement fund
Must maintain their technology and other items essential to production.
Social fund
Must help their friends, relatives, in laws, and neighbors.
Ceremonial funds
Expenditures on ceremonies and rituals, requires time to lay out the wealth
Rent fund
Refers to resources that people must render to an individual or agency that is superior politically or economically. Ex: landlords
