Final Exam Flashcards
Anthropology is interested in all aspects of what it means to be human
Past, present and future
What’s is Anthropology
A social science, humanistic, and a scientific discipline
What refers to the process whereby members of a society acquire the characteristics of a given culture, learning it’s language and generally acquiring competence?
Participant observation
How does Edward Burnett Taylor describe Culture?
As that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities of a society.
An area of linguistic research that investigates the structure of language patterns (ex: grammar, vocabulary, and meanings) as they exist within a culture.
Descriptive linguistics
Why is culture more flexible than biology?
Because it is not based upon genetics and physiology, consists of learned patterns of behavior and ideas, and relies on a complex communication system.
The tendency to judge the customs, morals, values, or institutions of another society or culture as inferior to that of your own society or culture.
Ethnocentrism
Refers to the theories, methods, and problems that characterizes a particular discipline at a particular point in time and space.
Paradigm
The subdiscipline of anthropology that uses the data gathered from the other subfields in order to find practical solutions to problems faced by a social group, society or culture.
Applied anthropology
The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on the study of communication and language.
Linguistic
The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on the study of primate fossils, human or non human genetics and behavior within an evolutionary framework
Biological/physical anthropology
The subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on the study of various aspects of contemporary societies of cultures.
Cultural and linguistic anthropology
The systematic study of language use in various social settings in order to explore the links between language and various contexts of social and/or cultural behavior.
Sociolinguistics
The comparison and classification of different languages to explore the evolutionary relationships among them.
Historical linguistics
Refers to the comparative approach over time (short duration) and space childbearing practices over 2 to 3 generations in a single culture
Synchronic
Refers to a comparative approach over time (long duration) and space (the development of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the Middle East and the evolution of cities and urban life)
Diachronic
The study of non-human primates is of special interest to which subdiscipline of anthropology?
Biological anthropology
What can be components, or part of the practice, of cultural anthropology?
Enthnography, Ethnology, and linguistic anthropology
The remains such as bones, carbonized seed, shell and soil, of ancient life and can provide the archeologist with info on past environments?
Ecofacts
The ability to view the customs, values, morals, and institutions of other peoples within the context of other culture rather than ones own.
Cultural relativism
Anything made, modified or used by a human (ex: projectile points, pottery, baskets, textiles)
Artifacts
Non portable aspects or byproducts of human behavior (ex:burials, hearths, stone pits)
Features
A location of past human behavior that has resulted in a concentration of material remains
Site
A method of cultural and linguistic anthropological fieldwork in which the anthropologist lives for an extended period of time among the subjects of his or her study.
Participant observation
The study of individual or parts of a culture (ex: community, village, neighborhood)
Ethnography
The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems.
Globalization
Which are the mechanisms of cultural change?
Diffusion, independent invention and globalization
American individualism, American work ethic, Gold Star Chili and White Castle Hamburgers are examples of what?
Mechanisms of Cultural Particularities
A concept of “family”, marriage, some form of “religion” or religious belief system and the incest taboo is an example of what?
Cultural universal
Cultural Resource Management, Medical anthropology, and forensic genetics are examples of what?
Applied Anthropology
How do we learn our culture? (American Dream)
enculturation and socialization
What are the characteristics of culture?
Shared, Symbolic, and learned
Which of the following is a characteristic of culture?
All encompassing or holistic, integrated, and can be either mal-Adaptive or adaptive depending upon the circumstances.
What is the comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture? (ex: South Asia, Middle East, Caribbean)
Ethnology
What is the term for the identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural tradition and exclusion from other cultural traditions?
Ethnicity
What is it called when claimed or perceived identity varies depending on the audience or cultural context?
Situational negotiation of identity
What is “Race”?
A cultural (or social) construction.
What hypothesis was inferred because there was a post-Pleistocene drying of the environment which led to the concentration of people, animals, and plants at permanent water sources?
Oasis Hypothesis
What hypothesis was inferred due to as the population grew at the end of the Pleistocene, human groups expanded into less than optimal habitats according to Lewis R. Binford and Kent V. Flannery?
Marginal Habitat Hypothesis
What was the first animal domesticated in the Old World?
The dog
During what period in the Old World did the domestication of plants and animals primarily occur?
Neolithic Period
What studies the relationship between social class and linguistic variation?
Sociolinguistics
What does the pattern of long periods of species stasis followed by the rapid development of new species is referred to as?
Punctuated equilibrium model of evolution
What is the pattern of a slow and steady transformation of one species into a new species is referred to as?
The Phyletic Gradualism model of evolution.
A condition caused by an excess of Vitamin D
Hypervitamosis D
A condition created by a diminished supply of oxygen to the body tissues
hypoxia
The single primary cause of skin tone
Melanin
What was the first hominin/hominid to migrate out of Africa to Europe?
Homo erectus/homo ergaster
What species was able to produce and control camp fires?
Homo erectus/homo ergaster
Where did Homo sapiens evolve first?
Africa
Who was the first hominin/hominid to care for the sick in Europe/Middle East was?
homo Neanderthals/thalensis
The first homin to up bury the dead was?
Homo neander and Homo sapiens
The first hominin to wear tailored skin clothing was?
Homo neanderthals
Why are humans considered primates?
Because we are social living and are more like non-human primates than other mammals.
What mechanism for social interaction and socialization is important among non human primates?
Mother-infant/child bearing
Which primate has a prehensile tail?
New World Spider monkeys
Which are the most primitive nonhuman primates?
Prosimians
Which primate is characterized by knuckle walking?
Chimps and Gorillas
Who habitually makes and uses tools for survival?
Homo sapiens
Who is characterized by a precision grip?
Homo sapiens
A locomotion using forelimbs to swing from branch to branch?
Brachiation
How many chromosomes do human zygotes posses?
46 chromosomes (25 pairs, diploid set)
Human zygotes are referred to what?
Fertilized eggs (ova)
What are the alleles I the human A-B-O blood system?
A B O
In the human A-B-O blood system, which alleles are dominant?
A, B
Which alleles are codominant?
A, B
The genetic makeup of an organism, as found within a genome?
Genotype
The observed characteristics of an organism, it is the result of the interaction of genes within the environment?
Phenotype
If you have type O blood what is your genotype?
O O
If you have type AB blood, what is your genotype?
A B
The concept that biological and geological processes that affected the Earth still operate today.
Uniformitarianism
Considered the founder of the science of genetics based on his Experimental plant breeding experiments with the common garden pea.
Gregor Johann Mendel
Who discovered DNA?
Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick
