Topic 1, 2, 3, & 4

Question 1

Genetic Diversity

Answer 1

Genetic variation within a population and between populations of a single species

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

Group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and have fertile off-spring

Question 3

Species Diversity

Answer 3

the variety of species within a particular region or habitat

Question 4

Ecosystem Diversity

Answer 4

Measure of how many different ecosystems found in an area

Question 5

Benefits of Biodiversity

Answer 5

Supports healthy ecosystems that provide essientials ecosystems to humans

Question 6

Provisioning Services

Answer 6

Products humans obtain from nature to include in products

Question 7

Ecosystem Services: Regulating, Supporting & Cultural Services

Answer 7

Regulating: benefits beyond human benefit, such as climate, water, and air that help maintain the stability of the human environment

Supporting: critically important to the biosphere, including oxygen production, CO2 absorption and more for BASIC function

Cultural: non-material benefits people obtain from experiences from nature

Question 8

Threats to Biodiversity: Extinction, Extant, Extirpation, Endangered, & Human Impact

Answer 8

Extinction: occurs when no living individuals of a species exist on Earth

Extant: are the living members

Extirpation: occurs when a species is no longer found in an area but exists somewhere else

Human Impact: account for small biomass footprint, but are rapidly pushing species towards extinction and reduction ecosystem diversity

Question 9

Major Threats: Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Over-Exploitation, & Global Climate Change

Answer 9

Habitat Loss: division and destruction leads to species loss

Invasive Species: introduced into areas beyond their natural range (without native predators, parasites, and pathogens, they grow out of control)

Over-Exploitation: over-harvesting of plants and animals at unsustainable rates leads to population declines and extinctions (large animals with low reproductive/long maturity rates are vulnerable)

Global Climate Change: Warmer temperature and altered precipitation patterns effect ecosystem services and increase the frequency of extreme weather events. Less mobile species will need to adapt in place or face extinction (limited genetic diversity). Change the distribution of ecosystems (low genetic diversity may evolve less, more severe whether events + unregulated climate conditions)

Question 10

Observations

Answer 10

Collecting data, forming logical hypotheses, and testing them

Question 11

2 Types of Data: Qualitative & Quantitative

Answer 11

Qualitative: descriptions

Quantitative: recorded measurements

Question 12

Inductive Reasonings

Answer 12

Making generalizations of data

Question 13

The Steps to Scientific Method

Answer 13

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis (through inductive reasoning)
4. Testing Hypothesis
5. Observation (through deductive reasoning)

Question 14

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 14

Making specific predictions that can be used to test hypothesis, it’s a guess about what will happen

Question 15

Can an experiment ever prove a hypothesis or theory?

Answer 15

NO! They can ONLY ever be supported

Question 16

Interactions Between Observations and Hypotheses

Answer 16

The exist in a circle as new observations provide new hypotheses and vice versa.

Question 17

Correlation

Answer 17

A relationship between two variables

Question 18

Causation

Answer 18

Oe variable directly affects another

Question 18

Structure of Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 18

entire name is italicized, first name is capitalized while the second name is not

Question 19

Name the Taxonomic Ranks from

Answer 19

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Question 20

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 20

It is concerned with naming and classifying organisms based on how related they are

Question 20

Relations Based on Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 20

The more alike the names are, the more related they are

Question 21

What is phylogeny?

Answer 21

Organizing biological diversity and evolutionary histories. Show hypotheses for evolutionary relationships through lines of descent.

Question 22

Molecular Data

Answer 22

Molecular systematics like DNA, RNA, and protein structures to infer phylogenies. Applies to only extant species.

Question 22

Morphology Data

Answer 22

Explains physical features. Applies to extant and extinct species

Question 23

Homology

Answer 23

Traits exist from common ancestor and retained due to shared ancestry

Question 24

Analogy

Answer 24

trait evolved independently in two organisms as an adaptation to similar environments (no common ancestor)

Question 25

What Do Tips of Phylogeny Show?

Answer 25

Correspond to individual organism or a species

Question 26

What Do Points of Phylogeny Show?

Answer 26

Points of a common ancestor of divergence (speciation)

Question 27

What are Sister Taxa on a Phylogeny Tree?

Answer 27

Share an immediate common ancestor

Question 28

What is a Basal on a Phylogeny Tree?

Answer 28

diverges early in the history of a group near the common ancestor

Question 29

What is Polytomy?

Answer 29

More than two branches from which more than two groups emerge, does not include common ancestor

Question 30

What are Clades?

Answer 30

Clades are easy to identify as it is every descendant from ONE common ancestor. If it is cut, then it can be done with a SINGLE cut

Question 31

What are Cladograms?

Answer 31

Evolutionary pattern where only the branching pattern is important. Branch length does not show time or evolutionary change. Shows the relative timing from a direct path from the root (will not show emerging species)

Question 32

What are Phylograms?

Answer 32

Evolutionary relationships where only the branching pattern is important as branch lengths are proportional to evolutionary change

Question 33

What is Trait Complexity?

Answer 33

The more complex two structures are, the more likely they are homologous

Question 34

Can a Trait be Both Homologous and analogous?

Answer 34

Yes. Some parts can be homologous while other parts can be analogous

Question 35

What is an In-group?

Answer 35

The group of organisms whose evolutionary relationships you are studying

Question 36

What is an Out-Group?

Answer 36

One or more taxa related to the in-group but that diverged earlier

Question 37

What is Cladistics?

Answer 37

The method used to infer evolutionary relationships using homologous characters based on shared derived characters

Question 38

What is Monophyletic?

Answer 38

Consists of one ancestor and all of its descendants (considered a clade)

Question 39

What is Paraphyletic?

Answer 39

Consists of a common ancestor but not ALL descendants of that common ancestor (arise when one or more divergent taxa are removed from monophyletic clade)

Question 40

What is Polyphyletic?

Answer 40

The grouping includes distantly related taxa but does not include the common ancestor of all groups (not a clade)

Question 41

Why does Polyphyletic Occur?

Answer 41

Incorrect Classification based on using analogous characters, absence of fossil records, and having multiple common ancestors

Question 42

What Are Shared Derived Characters?

Answer 42

Traits that evolved in the most recent common ancestor of a clade and are unique to that group (none that preceded have this trait)

Question 43

What Are Shared Ancestral Characters?

Answer 43

Taxa of a clade share them but are also present in the taxa of earlier clades.

Question 44

What is the BASIC Outcome of this Topic?

Answer 44

Phylogenetic trees are hypotheses about evolutionary relationships. Cladograms and phylogram are visual representing of these hypotheses which are tested and refined. Will never know what the TRUE tree is, therefore can only ever be supported.