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SNAB Biology Edexcel > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aorta

A

main blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

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2
Q

arteriole

A

small blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries

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3
Q

artery

A

type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart at high pressure

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4
Q

atrium

A

chamber that receives blood from veins and pumps into ventricles

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5
Q

capillary

A

blood vessel with small diameter and thin walls, used for substance exchange in tissues

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6
Q

coronary artery

A

main artery that supplies heart tissues with blood

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7
Q

left atrium

A

the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle

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8
Q

left ventricle

A

the chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the rest of the body

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9
Q

pulmonary artery

A

main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation

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10
Q

pulmonary vein

A

main vein that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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11
Q

right atrium

A

the chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it onto the right ventricle

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12
Q

right ventricle

A

chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs for reoxygenation

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13
Q

vein

A

type of blood vessel that carries blood at a lower pressure into the heart from other parts of the body

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14
Q

vena cava

A

main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into right atrium of the heart

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15
Q

ventricle

A

type of chamber in the heart that receives blood from the ventricles above it and pumps it out of the heart

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16
Q

venule

A

a small blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins

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17
Q

atrial systole

A

blood from pulmonary veins and vena cava , atria contract and blood leaks into ventricles, atrioventricular valves open - 0.1 secs

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18
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract from base of heart, pressure forces semilunar valves open, blood pushed up and out through pulmonary arteries and aorta, atrioventricular valves close to prevent backflow of blood - 0.3 secs

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19
Q

cardiac diastole

A

atria and ventricles relax, elastic recoil lowers pressure, blood in pulmonary arteries and aorta leak into ventricles, coronary arteries fill, semilunar valves close, low pressure - helps blood be drawn back in - 0.4 secs

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20
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

hardening of arteries caused by build up of atheroma

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21
Q

what is atheroma

A

hard plaque

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22
Q

what is the process of atherosclerosis

A

endothelium becomes damaged -> WBCs enter artery wall, cells accumulate chemicals especially cholesterol, fatty deposits build up and form atheroma, calcium salts and fibrous tissue build up - hard swelling, artery wall loses elasticity, artery narrows, blood pressure rises

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23
Q

what mechanism is the build up of plaque and rise in blood pressure

A

positive feedback mechanism

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24
Q

how does a blood clot form after atherosclerosis

A

platelets come into contact with damage on artery wall and become sticky, platelet plug forms and thromboplastin is released, cascade of chemical changed occur, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin, then a tangled mesh forms and blood cells become trapped, a blood clot forms

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25
Q

why is atherosclerosis specific to arteries

A

the rapid-flowing blood is under high pressure in arteries so there is significant risk of damage to artery walls

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26
Q

what can atherosclerosis lead to if its in the coronary arteries

A

the cardiac muscle won’t get enough food, water or blood so it leads to a heart attack

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27
Q

what can atherosclerosis lead to if its in the main arteries

A

it can lead to the brain being starved of oxygen due to lack of blood flow which leads to stroke

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28
Q

what can atherosclerosis lead to if its in the legs

A

it can lead to tissue death and gangrene

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29
Q

what can atherosclerosis lead to

A

direct blockage of an artery or increased risk of blockage by blood clots

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30
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

loop between heart and lungs

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31
Q

what systemic circulation

A

circulation around the body to organs

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32
Q

how is amylopectin adapted for function

A

long branched chains
side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds so that glucose can be released rapidly

33
Q

what is the composition of starch

A

30% amylose and 70% amylopectin

34
Q

is starch soluble and why is this important

A

no it is insoluble otherwise it would cause water to to enter cells by osmosis which would make them swell and burst

35
Q

how is glycogen adapted to its function

A

lots of side branches so glucose is released quickly, very compact, insoluble so doesn’t cause cells to swell, large molecule so it can store lots of energy

36
Q

describe the structure of amylopectin

A

long chain of alpha glucose molecules bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds with branches joined by 1,6 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

describe structure of glycogen

A

long chain of alpha glucose molecules bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds and branches joined by 1,6 bonds but has more side chains than amylopectin

38
Q

how is amylose adapted to function

A

amylose is a long chain and angles in it 1,4 glycosidics give it a coiled structure allowing it to be compact which is good for storage so it can be fitted into smaller space

39
Q

what is the structure of sucrose

A

1 alpha glucose and a fructose with 1,2 glycosidic bonds

40
Q

describe structure of amylose

A

long chain of alpha glucose molecules bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds

41
Q

compare disaccharides and monosaccharides in terms of solubility and energy storage

A

disaccharides are less soluble than monosaccharides but their chemical bonds store more energy

42
Q

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

the H/OH on Carbon 4 is flipped to be OH/H on beta

43
Q

how does the chemical structure of glucose relate to its function

A

makes it soluble - easily transported and chemical bonds contain a lot of energy that’s why it is the main source of energy in animals and plants

44
Q

what is the structure of maltose

A

2 alpha glucose molecules bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds

45
Q

what is the structure of lactose

A

1 beta glucose and 1 galactose with 1,4 glycosidic bonds

46
Q

what is the equation for energy budget

A

energy input - energy output = budget

47
Q

what is the recommended daily calorie intake for women and men

A

fe = 2000 me = 2400

48
Q

what colour change is observed when DCPIP is in the presence of vitamin C

A

from blue dye to colourless

49
Q

how do platelet inhibitory drugs reduce risk of CVD

A

eg aspirin
prevent platelets from clumping together ti form a clot therefore less chance of clot formation therefore less chance of blockage and less risk of CVD

50
Q

what are the side effects of platelet inhibitory drugs

A

excessive bleeding, diarrhoea, nausea and liver function problems

51
Q

what is an energy budget

A

the amount of energy taken in by an organism and the amount of energy used by an organism

52
Q

what happens if there is an energy budget imbalance

A

affects the weight
if input is higher than output - gain weight
excess energy is turned into fat reserves
if input is lower than output - lose weight
energy is obtained from fat reserves

53
Q

how do statins reduce risk of CVD

A

reduce blood cholesterol by reducing the amount of LDL produced in the liver, lower blood cholesterol, reduces atheroma formation therefore reducing risk of CVD

54
Q

What are the risks and side effects of statins

A

muscle and joint pain, digestive system problems, increased risk of diabetes, nosebleeds and headaches

55
Q

how do anticoagulants reduce risk of CVD

A

reduce blood clotting so clots are less likely to form at the site of damage in artery walls therefore less chance of an artery being blocked by a blood clot

56
Q

what are the side effects and risks of anticoagulants

A

any wound can lead to excessive bleeding which can lead to fainting, death
also lead to osteoperosis, tissue swelling and if taken when pregnant, can damage the fetus

57
Q

what can make a study on CVD more reliable and valid

A

large and representative sample group, a control, repetition and no bias in data collection

58
Q

how do antihypertensives reduce risk of CVD

A

contain beta blockers which reduce the strength of heart beat
contain vasodilators which widen blood vessels
include diuretics - reduce the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the blood in the kidneys which leads to less water absorbed and therefore less blood volume
all reduce high blood pressure, less chance of damage occurring to artery walls

59
Q

what are the risks and side effects of antihypertensives

A

palpitations, arrhythmia, fainting, headaches, drowsiness from low bp and allergic reactions

60
Q

what are the lifestyle factors that can increase risk of CVD

A

diet high in saturated fats and salt, high blood pressure, smoking and inactivity

61
Q

how can smoking increase risk of CVD

A

CO binds to haemoglobin and reduces the amount of oxygen carried in the blood to reaches important tissues
nicotine increases platelet stickiness which increases risk of blood clot formation
decreases amount of antioxidants in blood - more cell damage in artery wall - atherosclerosis

62
Q

how doe s high blood pressure increase risk of CVD

A

increases risk of damage to artery walls

63
Q

what are the factors beyond control that increase risk of CVD

A

genetics
sex
age

64
Q

how can blood clots cause heart attacks

A
  1. cardiac muscle is supplied with blood from coronary arteries
  2. blood contains oxygen needed by cardiac muscles to carry out respiration
  3. if coronary artery becomes blocked by a blood clot, an area of cardiac muscle won’t receive blood and therefore oxygen so it won’t be able to carry out respiration
  4. causes myocardial infarction + damage/death of heart muscle
65
Q

what is a stroke

A

rapid loss of brain function due to disruption in blood supply in the brain

66
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot in a vein deep in the body caused by prolonged inactivity and risk increases with age

67
Q

how can effect of caffeine on HR be tested on daphnia

A

1.Crush up 1 caffeine tablet and place into a beaker with 100ml of distilled water and stir with a glass rod until fully dissolved 0 there should be no residue
2.Repeat step 1 with differing numbers of caffeine tablets in 100ml of water
3.Place a few strands of cotton onto the cavity slide – to immobilise the daphnia.
4.Transfer a daphnia to the cavity using a pipette
5.Using filter paper, remove water from around the daphnia and, using a pipette, place 2 drops of distilled water onto the daphnia
6.Under low power, observe the daphnia and locate its heart
7.Record the number of heartbeats for 15 seconds with a counter, timing with a stopwatch, and record results in a table.
8.Repeat 2-7 at least three times
9.Repeat 3-7 with 2 drops of the made-up solutions in the place of distilled water.

68
Q

what are the 2 main functions of water in living organisms

A

solvent - substances dissolve in it, most biological reactions take place while dissolved in it

69
Q

what is the chemical structure of water

A

1 atom of oxygen joined to 2 hydrogen atoms by a pair of shared electrons

70
Q

how does the chemical structure of water give it a dipole nature

A

the shared negative electrons are pulled towards the oxygen (the oxygen nucleus is more positive) therefore oxygen becomes partially negative while the hydrogens become partially positive

71
Q

why do some believe it is more acceptable to perform experiments on invertebrates

A

they’re much simpler organisms with a much less sophisticated nervous system so they may not feel pain or stress

72
Q

what is the function of semilunar valves in the heart

A

prevent blood from flowing back into the heart when the ventricles contract

73
Q

how do valves prevent blood from flowing in the opposite direction

A

they can only open one way
if there’s more pressure before a valve, it is forced open
if there is more pressure after, it is forced shut

74
Q

how does the dipole nature of water allow it to form hydrogen bonds

A

the partially positive hydrogen become attracted to the partially negative oxygens in the other water molecule establishing hydrogen bonds

75
Q

how does the dipole nature of water make it good for transporting substance

A
  • cohesive - H2 bonds between H2O molecules make them very cohesive
  • good solvent - dipole nature makes it good for dissolving substances
    i.e. ionic - negative ion becomes attracted to the H+ while the positive ion is attracted to the negative oxygen
76
Q

why do multicellular organisms need mass transport systems

A

all cells need energy and most get it from aerobic respiration
low SA:Vol ration so diffusion isn’t fast enough to deliver raw nutrients and materials to cells and to remove waste products

77
Q

what and where are ester bonds is formed

A

a type of bond formed by a condensation reaction which joins each of the fatty acid tails to the glycerol molecule in triglyceride

78
Q

how and where is glycogen stored

A

as dense granules in the liver and muscle cells

SNAB Biology Edexcel (5 decks)

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