Topic 1 Flashcards
What is a monomer?
An individual unit that makes a polymer.
What is a polymer?
Many repeating units of monomers.
What are the examples of monomers?
Glucose
Amino acids
Nucleotide
What does glucose convert to during the C.R?
The polymer starch, glucose and glycogen
What does Amino acids convert to during the C.R?
The polymer protein
What does the monomer nucleotide convert to during the C.R?
The polymer DNA/RNA.
What is the definition of a condensation reaction?
C.R is the joining of two molecules together creating a chemical bond and removing water.
What is the definition of a hydrolysis reaction?
Breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules + involves the use of water.
What are the examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the examples of Disaccharides ?
sucrose
maltose
Lactose
What are the examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
How is glucose an isomer?
(Alpha glucose + Beta glucose) It’s the same molecular formula but different structure.
What is a Disaccharide?
It is 2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond that’s formed by a condensation reaction.
What does 2 alpha glucose produce? ( Dissacharide)
Maltose and water ( reducing sugars)
What does alpha glucose and galactose produce ? ( Disaccharide)
Lactose and water ( reducing sugar)
What does alpha glucose and fructose produce? (Disaccharide)
Sucrose and water ( non-reducing sugars)
What is the definition of a polysaccharide?
Polysaccharides are formed by combining many monosaccharides via condensation reactions.
What are the examples of a Polysacharides ?
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Where is starch found and its function?
Found: Plants
Function: Store of glucose
Where is Cellulose found and what is its function?
Found: plants
Function: Strength
Where is glycogen found and its function?
Found: Animals
Function: Store of glucose
What is the monomer for starch?
Alpha glucose
What is the bonds between the monomers for starch?
1-4 glycosidic bods in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 in amylopectin
What is the structure for starch?
Made of 2 polymers
Amylose - unbranched helix
Amylopectin - branched molecule
What is the monomer for cellulose?
Beta glucose
What is the bond between monomers for cellulose?
1-4 glycosidic bonds
What is the structure of cellulose?
Polymers form long,straight chains. Chains are held parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils.
How does the structure of cellulose aid function?
Many hydrogen bonds provide collective strength.
Insoluble - won’t affect water potential.
What is the monomer for glycogen?
Alpha glucose.
What is the bond between monomers for glycogen?
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
What is the structure of glycogen?
A highly branched molecule.
How does the structure of glycogen aid its
Function?
Branched structure increases s.a for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose.
Insoluble: won’t affect water potential.
What are the examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose.Galactose.Fructose..
All reducing sugars.
What is starch?
an energy store found in plant cells in the form of grains.
Starch is a polysaccharide of a-glucose joined via C.R to form glycosidic bonds. Includes alpha 1,4 and alpha 16 glycosidic bonds
How does the structure of starch aid its function.
Large = won’t diffuse out of cells.
Insoluble = osmotically inactive.
A-helix shape = compact energy store.
Branched = rapidly releases a-glucose when needed.
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide of many a-glucose joined by a condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds.
An energy store in the form of granules in cytoplasm.
Has alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds + many
Alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds compared to starch.
What is cellulose?
A polysaccharide of Many b-glucose molecules joined via Cr to form ß-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose is used to make cell walls.
Every other b-glucose is inverted.
What is the name for a branched starch molecule?
Amylopectin.
What is the name for an unbranched starch molecule?
Amylose.
Describe how cellulose structure aids its function?
1.Made from B-glucose = Allows long straight chains to form.
2.Parallel chains form hydrogen bond “cross links” = same as 1.
3.Cellulose can form microfibrils which can join to form fibres = This adds strength.
How do you identify an unknown glucose concentration?
- Make known conc of glucose
- Perform a Benedict’s test
- Perform colorimetry on identifying the absorbance
4.Produce a calibration curve with conc on x and absorbance on y.(will be a straight line) - Perform Benedict’s and colorimetry on unknown sample and identify absorbance.
- Read off graph to identify conc of unknown solution.
What is extrapolation?
Uses known data to make predictions about the future:Outside the region of points.
What is extrapolation?
Uses known data to make predictions about the future:Outside the region of points.
What is interpolation?
Región inside of the points
What are lipids used for?
1.energy store
2. Insulation (thermal, electrical-myelin shears cover.
3.water proofing (waxy cuticle)
4.Protection (heart and kidneys
What are the 2 types of lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
What does triglycerides consist of ?
Consists of fats (solid at room temp)and oils (liquid at room temp)
Are lipids monomers + polymers ?
NO they are not!
Describe how the structure aids function? Triglyceride.
Insoluble - Osmotically inactive
Low mass to energy - Don’t have to carry a heavy energy store
High ratio of hydrogen atoms to o2 atoms - water can be released during break down
High ratio of energy storing C-H - Energy dense Molecule.
What are phospholipids are a major component of?
Cell membrane.
Describe 2 fatty acids (tails). Phospholipid.
Non-polar = electrons are evenly spread. Are hydrophobic meaning dislike water.
What is the phosphate head?
It’s a polar head → ft and t-regions- there is an uneven distribution of electrons. Hydrophilic - water loving.
How does the structure of phospholipid aid its function?
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. → allows phospholipid bilayer formation.
Glycolipids can form →allows for cell recognition.
How to test for lipids ?
1.add ethanol.
2. Shake.
3.add distilled water
4. Lipid present it’ll turn a white milky emulsion.
