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Biological Molecules > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

An individual unit that makes a polymer.

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Many repeating units of monomers.

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3
Q

What are the examples of monomers?

A

Glucose
Amino acids
Nucleotide

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4
Q

What does glucose convert to during the C.R?

A

The polymer starch, glucose and glycogen

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5
Q

What does Amino acids convert to during the C.R?

A

The polymer protein

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6
Q

What does the monomer nucleotide convert to during the C.R?

A

The polymer DNA/RNA.

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7
Q

What is the definition of a condensation reaction?

A

C.R is the joining of two molecules together creating a chemical bond and removing water.

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8
Q

What is the definition of a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules + involves the use of water.

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9
Q

What are the examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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10
Q

What are the examples of Disaccharides ?

A

sucrose
maltose
Lactose

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11
Q

What are the examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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12
Q

How is glucose an isomer?

A

(Alpha glucose + Beta glucose) It’s the same molecular formula but different structure.

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13
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

It is 2 monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond that’s formed by a condensation reaction.

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14
Q

What does 2 alpha glucose produce? ( Dissacharide)

A

Maltose and water ( reducing sugars)

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15
Q

What does alpha glucose and galactose produce ? ( Disaccharide)

A

Lactose and water ( reducing sugar)

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16
Q

What does alpha glucose and fructose produce? (Disaccharide)

A

Sucrose and water ( non-reducing sugars)

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17
Q

What is the definition of a polysaccharide?

A

Polysaccharides are formed by combining many monosaccharides via condensation reactions.

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18
Q

What are the examples of a Polysacharides ?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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19
Q

Where is starch found and its function?

A

Found: Plants
Function: Store of glucose

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20
Q

Where is Cellulose found and what is its function?

A

Found: plants
Function: Strength

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21
Q

Where is glycogen found and its function?

A

Found: Animals
Function: Store of glucose

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22
Q

What is the monomer for starch?

A

Alpha glucose

23
Q

What is the bonds between the monomers for starch?

A

1-4 glycosidic bods in amylose
1-4 and 1-6 in amylopectin

24
Q

What is the structure for starch?

A

Made of 2 polymers
Amylose - unbranched helix
Amylopectin - branched molecule

25
Q

What is the monomer for cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

26
Q

What is the bond between monomers for cellulose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

27
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Polymers form long,straight chains. Chains are held parallel by many hydrogen bonds to form fibrils.

28
Q

How does the structure of cellulose aid function?

A

Many hydrogen bonds provide collective strength.
Insoluble - won’t affect water potential.

29
Q

What is the monomer for glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose.

30
Q

What is the bond between monomers for glycogen?

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

31
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

A highly branched molecule.

32
Q

How does the structure of glycogen aid its
Function?

A

Branched structure increases s.a for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose.
Insoluble: won’t affect water potential.

33
Q

What are the examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose.Galactose.Fructose..
All reducing sugars.

34
Q

What is starch?

A

an energy store found in plant cells in the form of grains.
Starch is a polysaccharide of a-glucose joined via C.R to form glycosidic bonds. Includes alpha 1,4 and alpha 16 glycosidic bonds

35
Q

How does the structure of starch aid its function.

A

Large = won’t diffuse out of cells.
Insoluble = osmotically inactive.
A-helix shape = compact energy store.
Branched = rapidly releases a-glucose when needed.

36
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide of many a-glucose joined by a condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds.

An energy store in the form of granules in cytoplasm.

Has alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds + many
Alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds compared to starch.

37
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide of Many b-glucose molecules joined via Cr to form ß-1,4 glycosidic bonds.

Cellulose is used to make cell walls.

Every other b-glucose is inverted.

38
Q

What is the name for a branched starch molecule?

A

Amylopectin.

39
Q

What is the name for an unbranched starch molecule?

A

Amylose.

40
Q

Describe how cellulose structure aids its function?

A

1.Made from B-glucose = Allows long straight chains to form.
2.Parallel chains form hydrogen bond “cross links” = same as 1.
3.Cellulose can form microfibrils which can join to form fibres = This adds strength.

41
Q

How do you identify an unknown glucose concentration?

A
  1. Make known conc of glucose
  2. Perform a Benedict’s test
  3. Perform colorimetry on identifying the absorbance
    4.Produce a calibration curve with conc on x and absorbance on y.(will be a straight line)
  4. Perform Benedict’s and colorimetry on unknown sample and identify absorbance.
  5. Read off graph to identify conc of unknown solution.
42
Q

What is extrapolation?

A

Uses known data to make predictions about the future:Outside the region of points.

43
Q

What is extrapolation?

A

Uses known data to make predictions about the future:Outside the region of points.

44
Q

What is interpolation?

A

Región inside of the points

45
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

1.energy store
2. Insulation (thermal, electrical-myelin shears cover.
3.water proofing (waxy cuticle)
4.Protection (heart and kidneys

46
Q

What are the 2 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids

47
Q

What does triglycerides consist of ?

A

Consists of fats (solid at room temp)and oils (liquid at room temp)

48
Q

Are lipids monomers + polymers ?

A

NO they are not!

49
Q

Describe how the structure aids function? Triglyceride.

A

Insoluble - Osmotically inactive
Low mass to energy - Don’t have to carry a heavy energy store
High ratio of hydrogen atoms to o2 atoms - water can be released during break down
High ratio of energy storing C-H - Energy dense Molecule.

50
Q

What are phospholipids are a major component of?

A

Cell membrane.

51
Q

Describe 2 fatty acids (tails). Phospholipid.

A

Non-polar = electrons are evenly spread. Are hydrophobic meaning dislike water.

52
Q

What is the phosphate head?

A

It’s a polar head → ft and t-regions- there is an uneven distribution of electrons. Hydrophilic - water loving.

53
Q

How does the structure of phospholipid aid its function?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. → allows phospholipid bilayer formation.
Glycolipids can form →allows for cell recognition.

54
Q

How to test for lipids ?

A

1.add ethanol.
2. Shake.
3.add distilled water
4. Lipid present it’ll turn a white milky emulsion.

Biological Molecules (3 decks)

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