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Science Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical reactions in an organism to provide energy

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2
Q

response

A

living things interacting with environment

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

balancing internal cell conditions (temperature, water)

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4
Q

growth

A

growing, change size/shape

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5
Q

reproduction

A

make offspring sexually/asexually

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6
Q

excretion

A

removal of metabolic waste (water, co2)

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7
Q

nutrition

A

synthesis (photosynthesis)/absorption of organic compounds

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8
Q

cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells (unicellular/multicellular)
  2. A cells is a basic unit of life (has genetic information to determine function, metabolism to carry out functions, and reproduction)
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

biogenesis

A

organisms arising from pre-existing cells

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10
Q

abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

A

organisms from nonliving matter

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11
Q

Louis Pasteur’s experiment

A
  • 1800, made experiment to show cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • Flask 1: Filled with nutrient broth & boiled, neck prevented air particles from going in.
  • Flask 2: Same thing but neck was broken for free air flow. After waiting, organisms in the air colonized open flask, leading to microbial growth
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12
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • 1655, created the word “cell” when he viewed cell wall of a cork plant
  • made 3 lens microscope to magnify objects, shined light on organisms under lens
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13
Q

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

A
  • discovered single celled organisms, named them animalcules (bacteria & protozoans)
  • 1670, made simpler & higher magnification microscope to record single celled organisms
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14
Q

Matthias
Schleiden & Theodor
Schwann

A
  • proposed cell theory
  • Schleiden: observed plants are made of cells
  • Schwann: observed animals are made of cells
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15
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A
  • observed cells in process of division
  • proposed cells arise from pre-existing cells, contradicted spontaneous generation
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16
Q

pasteurization

A

using heat to eliminate bacteria from food

17
Q

levels of cellular organisation

A

Organelles: has specialized function, contributing to functioning of cell (ex. nucleus has DNA)
Tissues: cells become specialized to form tissues (unspecialized cells: stem cells)
Organs: tissues w similar functions work tgt to form organs
Organ System: organs form organ systems

18
Q

hierarchy of taxa

A

Life, domain, kingdom (animalia), phylum (chordate), class (Mammalia), order (primates), family (hominidae), genus (homo), species (homo sapiens)

19
Q

3 domains

A

Eukaryota: animals, plants
Eubacteria: cyanobacteria
Archaea: Heat loving microbes

20
Q

Exception to cell theory #1

A

Viruses:
- can’t survive outside host bc don’t have metabolic & reproductive capabilities, not “living”

21
Q

Exception to cell theory #2

A

Striated Muscle:
- has many nuclei while being bundled by 1 membrane (instead of each having 1)
- cells larger&longer than normal

22
Q

Exception to cell theory #3

A

Fungal Hyphae:
- larger&longer than normal
- has many nuclei while joined to form continuous cytoplasm (not separated)

23
Q

Exception to cell theory #4

A

Giant algae:
- large but only has 1 cell & nucleus

24
Q

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

A

1595, made first microscope w/ eyepiece & objective lense, magnifies things 20x

25
Q

12 Parts of Compound Light Microscope

A

Eyepiece: observe specimen by looking thru
course adjustment knob: moves stage up & down
fine adjustment knob: makes image clearer
revolving nosepiece: supports objective lens
body tube: supports ocular lens
objective lenses: levels of magnification (4x, 10x, 40x)
stage: where slide is placed
stage clips: holds slide in place
diaphragm: controls amount of light thru stage opening
light source: supplies light for slide
arm: supports body tube & revolving nosepiece
base: supports microscope

26
Q

electron microscope

A
  • uses beams of electrons instead of light
  • views smaller things w high resolution
27
Q

staining

A

makes organelles easier to see by increasing contrast

28
Q

fluorescence

A

shows molecules on cell membranes in detail

29
Q

dark field microscopy

A

diffracts light to illuminate transparent organisms

30
Q

estimating specimen’s size

A
  • field of view (micrometer/um) / fit # (# of cells across)
  • field of view:
    4x = 4.5mm
    10x = 1.8mm
    40x = 0.45mm
  • convert to micrometer: move decimal 3 places right

Science Biology (4 decks)

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