Topic 1

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

chemical reactions in an organism to provide energy

Question 2

response

Answer 2

living things interacting with environment

Question 3

homeostasis

Answer 3

balancing internal cell conditions (temperature, water)

Question 4

growth

Answer 4

growing, change size/shape

Question 5

reproduction

Answer 5

make offspring sexually/asexually

Question 6

excretion

Answer 6

removal of metabolic waste (water, co2)

Question 7

nutrition

Answer 7

synthesis (photosynthesis)/absorption of organic compounds

Question 8

cell theory

Answer 8

1. All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells (unicellular/multicellular)
2. A cells is a basic unit of life (has genetic information to determine function, metabolism to carry out functions, and reproduction)
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 9

biogenesis

Answer 9

organisms arising from pre-existing cells

Question 10

abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

Answer 10

organisms from nonliving matter

Question 11

Louis Pasteur’s experiment

Answer 11

• 1800, made experiment to show cells arise from pre-existing cells
• Flask 1: Filled with nutrient broth & boiled, neck prevented air particles from going in.
• Flask 2: Same thing but neck was broken for free air flow. After waiting, organisms in the air colonized open flask, leading to microbial growth

Question 12

Robert Hooke

Answer 12

• 1655, created the word “cell” when he viewed cell wall of a cork plant
• made 3 lens microscope to magnify objects, shined light on organisms under lens

Question 13

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Answer 13

• discovered single celled organisms, named them animalcules (bacteria & protozoans)
• 1670, made simpler & higher magnification microscope to record single celled organisms

Question 14

Matthias
Schleiden & Theodor
Schwann

Answer 14

• proposed cell theory
• Schleiden: observed plants are made of cells
• Schwann: observed animals are made of cells

Question 15

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 15

• observed cells in process of division
• proposed cells arise from pre-existing cells, contradicted spontaneous generation

Question 16

pasteurization

Answer 16

using heat to eliminate bacteria from food

Question 17

levels of cellular organisation

Answer 17

Organelles: has specialized function, contributing to functioning of cell (ex. nucleus has DNA)
Tissues: cells become specialized to form tissues (unspecialized cells: stem cells)
Organs: tissues w similar functions work tgt to form organs
Organ System: organs form organ systems

Question 18

hierarchy of taxa

Answer 18

Life, domain, kingdom (animalia), phylum (chordate), class (Mammalia), order (primates), family (hominidae), genus (homo), species (homo sapiens)

Question 19

3 domains

Answer 19

Eukaryota: animals, plants
Eubacteria: cyanobacteria
Archaea: Heat loving microbes

Question 20

Exception to cell theory #1

Answer 20

Viruses:
- can’t survive outside host bc don’t have metabolic & reproductive capabilities, not “living”

Question 21

Exception to cell theory #2

Answer 21

Striated Muscle:
- has many nuclei while being bundled by 1 membrane (instead of each having 1)
- cells larger&longer than normal

Question 22

Exception to cell theory #3

Answer 22

Fungal Hyphae:
- larger&longer than normal
- has many nuclei while joined to form continuous cytoplasm (not separated)

Question 23

Exception to cell theory #4

Answer 23

Giant algae:
- large but only has 1 cell & nucleus

Question 24

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Answer 24

1595, made first microscope w/ eyepiece & objective lense, magnifies things 20x

Question 25

12 Parts of Compound Light Microscope

Answer 25

Eyepiece: observe specimen by looking thru course adjustment knob: moves stage up & down fine adjustment knob: makes image clearer revolving nosepiece: supports objective lens body tube: supports ocular lens objective lenses: levels of magnification (4x, 10x, 40x) stage: where slide is placed stage clips: holds slide in place diaphragm: controls amount of light thru stage opening light source: supplies light for slide arm: supports body tube & revolving nosepiece base: supports microscope

Question 26

electron microscope

Answer 26

- uses beams of electrons instead of light - views smaller things w high resolution

Question 27

staining

Answer 27

makes organelles easier to see by increasing contrast

Question 28

fluorescence

Answer 28

shows molecules on cell membranes in detail

Question 29

dark field microscopy

Answer 29

diffracts light to illuminate transparent organisms

Question 30

estimating specimen's size

Answer 30

- field of view (micrometer/um) / fit # (# of cells across) - field of view: 4x = 4.5mm 10x = 1.8mm 40x = 0.45mm - convert to micrometer: move decimal 3 places right