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AQA GCSE Business > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a business

A

An organisation that uses its resources to trade goods and services usually with the aim of making a profit

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2
Q

Reason for starting a business

A
  • To produce a product
  • persue an interest
  • gain profit
  • benefit society
  • be your own boss
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3
Q

What is a good

A

A good is a tangible product that satisfies someones needs or wants

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4
Q

What is a service

A

A service is an intangible product that satisfies someones wants or needs for a short period of time

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5
Q

What are the four factors of production (LLCE)?

A
  • Land
  • Labour
  • Capital
  • Enterprise
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6
Q

What is opportunity cost?

A

The loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

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7
Q

What is the primary sector

A

The primary sector of industry is concerned with the extraction of
raw materials or natural resources from the land. Any business that grows goods or extracts materials from the land would be classed as a primary sector business.

Examples of businesses that operate in the primary sector would be farming, mining, fishing or oil production.

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8
Q

What is the secondary sector

A

The secondary sector of industry is concerned with manufacturing. This would involve taking the raw materials from the primary sector and converting them into new products.

Examples of businesses that operate in the secondary sector would be car manufacturers, food production or building companies.

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9
Q

What is the tertiary sector

A

The tertiary sector of industry is concerned with providing a service. Services are activities that are done by people or businesses for consumers.

Examples of businesses that operate in the tertiary sector would be hairdressers, banks, supermarkets or cinemas.

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10
Q

What are some location factors for a business

A
  • proximity to customers
  • how close they are to raw materials
  • costs
  • competition
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11
Q

What is unlimited liability

A

The owners of the business are entirely responsible for the debt of the business

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12
Q

What is a limited liability

A

If the company falls into debt, you only pay back what you invested and your personal belongings will be protected

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13
Q

What are sole traders

A

An individual owning the business pn their own

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14
Q

What are some advantages of sole traders

A
  • cheap and easy to set up
  • keep all profits
  • financial records remain private
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15
Q

What are some disadvantages of sole trader

A
  • unlimited liability
  • limited capital for investment
  • little specialist skill
  • difficult to cover when ill
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16
Q

What is capital

A

Money for investment

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17
Q

What is a partnership

A

When two or more people own a business, a legal document has to be signed and reported to ensure and legalise the business partnership.

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18
Q

What are some advantages of partnerships

A
  • range of skills and ideas
  • terms of partnership laid out in the deed of partnership document - so it reduces chances of conflict
  • each owner can bring start up capital
  • sharing responsibilities
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19
Q

What are some disadvantages of partnerships

A
  • unlimited liability
  • decision making can be time consuming and can lead to arguements
  • no one is in full control - authority is split - could lead to conflict
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20
Q

What is the deed of partnership

A

A legal document drawn up by a solicitor/lawyer stting up rules for the partnership and how the profits will be allocated among business owners

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21
Q

What is a private limited company (ltd)

A

When shares of the business are not publicly traded on stock market so are restricted to family or friends

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22
Q

What are some advantages of private limited companies

A
  • limited liability
  • less risk of take over
  • continuity of existence even if owners change
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23
Q

What are some disadvantages of private limited companies

A
  • time consuming and costly to set up
  • not being able to share your shares publicaly
  • can limit ways of reaching capital
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24
Q

What is a public limited company

A

Incoporated businesses whose shares are traded publicly

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25
Q

Pros of a public limited company (plc)

A
  • limited liability
  • can raise large capital from selling shares
  • prestige of being a plc
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26
Q

Cons of public limited companies

A
  • time consuming and costly to set up
  • risk of take over
  • risk of short term decisions to maximise dividend payments
  • shareholders may argue over decision making
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27
Q

What is a not-for-profit organisation (NPO)?

A

An organisation set up to achieve objectives other than profit, e.g. charity, pressure groups, etc.

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28
Q

What is a stakeholder

A

People who have an interest in the business

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29
Q

What are some example of stakeholders

A
  • shareholders
  • customers
  • employees
  • pressure groups
  • local community
  • suppliers
  • bank
  • competitors
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30
Q

What is the purpose of business

A
  • help raise finance (investors such as banks, want to be confident the business has a plan that will succeed)
  • help set objectives
  • helps organisation
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31
Q

What is an aim

A

A clearly stated goal that a business organises in order to achieve better results (i.e. using products more efficiently

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32
Q

What is an objective

A

A specific target that is set for a business to achieve (how they are going to get there)

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33
Q

What are some business and objective aims for a new business

A
  • survival
  • break even (total revenue = total costs)
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34
Q

What are some aims and objectives for a growing business

A
  • growth (domestic)
  • increased market share
  • diversification
  • increased customer satisfaction
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35
Q

What are some aims and objectives for a developed business

A
  • profit maximisation
  • maximise growth internationally
  • diversification on a wider scale
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36
Q

What is the equation for total revenue?

A

Selling price x quantity sold

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37
Q

What is revenue

A

Total income that a business gains from their sales

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38
Q

What is a fixed cost

A

Costs that remain the same regardless of the output of the business

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39
Q

What are some examples of fixed costs

A
  • rent
  • salary
  • taxes
  • insurance
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40
Q

What are variable costs

A

Costs that change in proportion to the business’s output

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41
Q

What are some examples of variable costs

A
  • raw material
  • packaging
  • wages
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42
Q

What is the equation for total costs

A

Total fixed costs + total variable costs

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43
Q

What is profit and how do you calculate it

A

Profit is when the total revenue earned is greater than the costs

To calculate it you do:

Total revenue - total costs

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44
Q

What is profit

A

When revenue is greater than costs

45
Q

What are some organic methods of growth

A
  • reinvesting profits into the business
  • opening new stores
  • outsourcing
  • franchising
  • e-commerce
46
Q

What re some external methods of growth

A
  • mergers
  • takeovers
47
Q

What are ‘economies of scale’?

A

Benefits to a business in the form of lower average unit costs from increasing the size of operation

48
Q

What are ‘DISeconomies of scales’?

A

The drawback of a business in the form of high average unit costs from increasing the size if operation

49
Q

What are external influences

A

The factors outside of an organisation’s control which has a direct impact on it

50
Q

What are some examples of external factors

A
  • ethical
  • political
  • technological
  • legal
  • social
  • economic
51
Q

What is digital communication

A

Using electronic channels to communicate with people and organisations

52
Q

What are some examples of digital communications

A
  • computers
  • mobile phone signals
  • apps
  • the internet
53
Q

What is e-commerce

A

The selling of goods and services online

54
Q

What are some advantages of e-commerce

A
  • wider target audience
  • reduces start up costs
  • 24/7 shop front
  • benefits of economies of scale
55
Q

What are some disadvantages of e-commerce

A
  • customers cannot try products
  • lack of trust
  • lack of face-to-face interactions
  • may need to retrain workers
  • needs to have a good encyription and protection system from hackers so customers personal infromation and data don’t get leaked
  • has to abide by legislation - cant leak or manipulate customer data (as per: computer misuse act, 1990 and data protection act, 1998)
56
Q

What are private sectors organisations

A

Private sector organisations are owned by individuals

57
Q

What are public sector organisation

A

Public sector organisations are owned by the government

58
Q

What are dividends

A

Dividends are the financial rewards paid out to each shareholders each year

59
Q

What is negotiation

A

Negotiation occurs when two sides discuss what they want and try to reach a solution

60
Q

What are some factors affecting location

A
  • costs
  • proximity to the market
  • availability
  • transport links
  • type of business
  • technology
61
Q

What are proctectionist measures

A

Protectionist measures are policies that government uses to protect their own businesses against foreign competition

62
Q

What is a tariff

A

A tariff is a tax on foreign goods imported into a country

63
Q

What are imports

A

Imports are goods and services purchased from overseas by consumers of businesses

64
Q

What is a quota

A

A quota is a limit on the number of foreign goods imported into a country

65
Q

What is a business plan

A

A business plan is a document setting out what a business does and what it hopes to achieve in the future

66
Q

What is business planning

A

Business planning is the process of producing a business plan

67
Q

What is uncertainty in a business?

A

Uncertainty occurs where there us a lack of information about a situation. This means the outcomes or consequences are very difficult to predict

68
Q

What is meant by a risk in a business?

A

A risk is the possibility of something going wrong (for example: a delay in exports)

69
Q

What is revenue

A

Revenue is the income a firm recieves from selling its goods or services. It is also referred to as ‘turnover’. It is measured by the number of units sold multiplied by the price.

70
Q

What are the main sections in a business plan

A
  1. Goals
  2. Pricing
  3. Knowing your market
  4. Customers
71
Q

What is internal (or organic growth)

A

Internal growth (or organic growth) is when a business gets bigger by selling more of its products

72
Q

What is external growth (or integration)

A

External growth (or integration) occurs when a business gets bigger by joining or buying other businesses

73
Q

How do you measure the size of a business?

A
  1. Value of sales
  2. Value of business (market capitalisation)
  3. Number of employees
74
Q

How do you calculate market capitalisation and what exactly is it?

A

The market capitalisation of a company measures the value of all its shares:

Market capitalisation = market price of a share x the number of shares

75
Q

What is a franchise

A

A franchise is when a franchisor sells the rights to its products to a franchisee; usually this is in return for a fee and percentage of turnover (i.e. McDonalds franching with Ray Kroc)

76
Q

What is a franchisee

A

A franchisee buys a franchise usually in return for a fee and percentage of turnover

77
Q

What is a franchisor

A

A franchisor sells a franchise usually in return for a fee and a percentage of turnover (revenue)

78
Q

What is outsourcing

A

Outsourcing occurs when a business uses another business to produce for it

79
Q

What is a merger

A

A merger occurs when two or more businesses join together to form a new business

80
Q

What is a takeover

A

A takeover is when one business buys control of another one

81
Q

What are the different types of integration

A
  • horizontal
  • vertical
  • conglomerate
82
Q

What is horizontal integration

A

Horizontal integration occurs when one firm joins with another firm at the same stage of the same production process

83
Q

What is vertical integration

A

Vertical integration occurs when one firm joins with another firm at a different stage of the same production process

84
Q

What is conglomerate integration

A

Conglomerate integration is when one firm joins together with another firm in a different type of production process

85
Q

What are some problems with expanding abroad

A
  • the law and regulations facing businesses may differ
  • the existing businesses may resist new entrants to the market
  • customers’ buying habits and expectations may be different
86
Q

What is a cost

A

The money spent by a business on goods and services

87
Q

What is it meant by ‘competition’ with businesses

A

The rivalry between businesses looking to sell their goods/services in the same market

88
Q

What is a customer

A

Individuals, businesses or organisations that purchase goods/services and make decisions about which supplier to choose

89
Q

What is customer satisfaction

A

Customer satisfaction is whether or not customers are pleased with the goods/services they recieve; whether they would purchase again

90
Q

What is demand

A

The quantity of a particular product that will be bought at a particular price over a specific time

91
Q

Who/what are directors

A

The people who are elected by the shareholders to run the business on their behalf

92
Q

Who/what are employees

A

Employees are individuals who work full time or part time for a business; they have a contract of employment detailing their duties and rights

93
Q

What is an enterprise

A

The ability to identify business ideas and oppurtunities to bring them to fruition (understanding) and to take risks where appropriate

94
Q

What is an entrepreneur

A

A person who has the vision to use initiative to make business ideas happen, managing the resources and risks

95
Q

What are ethical objectives

A

A business’ goals that relate to fair business practice or moral guidelines and make a positive contribution to the business’ reputation

96
Q

What are ethics within a business?

A

The moral principles that guide how a business operates

97
Q

What are exports

A

Goods/services sold to a customer in another country

98
Q

What is a ‘gap in the market’?

A

An oppurtunity for a new business (or expansion) ehich may meet a need that is not being met.

99
Q

What are imports

A

Imports are goods/services that are bought from a supplier in another country

100
Q

What is location in business

A

The site of a business and the reasoning behind the choice of site

101
Q

What is loss in a business

A

When expenditure is greater than income

102
Q

What is a market in business

A

Where those wishing to buy goods/services (customers) make contact with those who have them to sell

103
Q

What is market share in business

A

The proportion of the whole market for a product that is held by the business

104
Q

What are shares

A

Shares are the units of the business that are available for sale to investors

105
Q

What are shareholders

A

Shareholders are those people who own shares in a limited company; each shareholder is a part owner of the business

106
Q

What are social objectives

A

A business’ goals that relate to fair treatment of the people concerned: customers, investors, customers, investors, suppliers or workers

107
Q

What is a supplier

A

A business that provides goods/services

108
Q

What does it mean when a business is said to be in the ‘survival’ stage?

A

The capacity of a business has to stay in the business. It is dependent on the business selling sufficient amounts of goods/services to cover all its costs

109
Q

What do the factors of production mean (LLCE)?

A
  1. Land - somewhere you can produce the goods in exchange for money
  2. Labour - people to work in the business to help broaden and expand the business
  3. Capital - getting money to uplift or start your business
  4. Enterprise - the courage and motivation needed to start and popularise/diversify the business.

AQA GCSE Business (8 decks)

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