Topic 1

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

aggregate of individuals of same species in same place and same time

Question 2

assumptions of H-W equ’m?

Answer 2

1. non-overlapping generations
2. diploid
3. sexual reproduction
4. panmictic pop’n (random mating)
5. pop’n is large (no drift)
6. migration is negligible
7. genetic mut’ns don’t occur
8. unaffected by natural sel’n

Question 3

phenotype

Answer 3

observable charateristic of an individual (arises due to interactions b/w genotype and enviro.)

Question 4

phenotypic plassticity

Answer 4

diff phenotype but same genotype

Question 5

genetic marker

Answer 5

a segment of DNA or product of DNA that can be assayed to determine levels of pop’n genetic variability (e.g. allozymes, microsatellites, nuclear gene sequence, mitochondiral DNA sequences, chloroplast DNA sequences)

Question 6

monomorphic

Answer 6

locus at which individuals in a pop’n possess the same allele (no variation)

Question 7

polymorphics

Answer 7

a locus at which two or more alleles are present in a pop’n

Question 8

allozymes

Answer 8

aka. isozymes: proteins (enzymes) with different motility in an electrical field (used for measuring genetic variation)

Question 9

microsatellites

Answer 9

consists of repetitive short DNA sequences (e.g. AT repeats), they are non-coding and their function is uncertain. They are rapidly evolving, hence there is lots of variations (allowing to differentiate people)

Question 10

mitochondrial DNA: 4 unique properties

Answer 10

1. small (37 genes)
2. circular
3. maternal
4. haploid

Question 11

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)

Answer 11

when a single nucleotide in an individual differs from members of the population (most SNPs consists of only 2 nucleotides)

Question 12

Haplotype

Answer 12

unique DNA sequence, may be one locus or multiple loci (combination of adjacent alleles inherited together)

Question 13

Classical Hypotheses (for genetic variability w/in pop’ns)

Answer 13

pop’ns contain very little variation, and sel’n maintains a single best allele at any locus and heterozygotes are rare. Heterozygotes result for rare deleterious mut’ns that are quickly eliminated by nature (wrong)

Question 14

Balance Hypothesis (for genetic variability w/in pop’ns)

Answer 14

individuals are heterozygous at many loci, and balancing selection maintains lots of genetic variability w/in pop’ns (balancing sel’n: e.g. heterozygote superiority)