Topic 1 Flashcards
Central dogma
Describes the flow of genetic information of all living organisms
DNA (replication) -> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (protein synthesis)
tRNA
Transfer RNA
miRNAs
MicroRNAS (RNA processing)
snRNA
Small nuclear RNA (RNA regulation)
mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA translation to protein)
Protein
Metabolic enzymes, cell structure, signal transduction
DNA building blocks
Nucleotides (monomers), polymerase reaction, replication
How does DNA become proteins?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into proteins. mRNA is the AUG, GAC and the like. Proteins are Met, Asp, Ser
Reverse Transcription
When mRNA reverse back to DNA
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What are proteins?
Proteins are chains of amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds. This chain folds to form a function protein.
Are proteins only made up of one polypeptide chain?
No, some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chains.
How is the 3D structure of a protein determined?
By the amino acid sequence
Why are proteins important?
-essential for life and necessary for all cell processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation
-proteins work by interacting with other molecules
Why are mutations important?
Changes in DNA sequence can change the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can change the protein function.
- mutations can then alter a protein’s function or prevent it from being produced causing cellular damage such as cancer or can cause a beneficial change such as adaption
Sickle cell anemia
Inherited disorder of red blood cellls
- hemoglobin S forms hemoglobin fibres that distort the RBCs causing them to get stuck in small blood vessels and slowly or block blood flow
Hemoglobin
4 polypeptide chains
- 2 alpha-chains of 141 amino acid residues each
- 2 beta-chains of 146 amino acid residues each
- one amino acid change can effect the entire structure
Sickle cell hemoglobin
Mutation at residue 6 of beta-chain
