Topic 1

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

Describes the flow of genetic information of all living organisms

DNA (replication) -> RNA (transcription) -> Protein (translation)

Question 2

rRNA

Answer 2

Ribosomal RNA (protein synthesis)

Question 3

tRNA

Answer 3

Transfer RNA

Question 4

miRNAs

Answer 4

MicroRNAS (RNA processing)

Question 5

snRNA

Answer 5

Small nuclear RNA (RNA regulation)

Question 6

mRNA

Answer 6

Messenger RNA (mRNA translation to protein)

Question 7

Protein

Answer 7

Metabolic enzymes, cell structure, signal transduction

Question 8

DNA building blocks

Answer 8

Nucleotides (monomers), polymerase reaction, replication

Question 9

How does DNA become proteins?

Answer 9

DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into proteins. mRNA is the AUG, GAC and the like. Proteins are Met, Asp, Ser

Question 10

Reverse Transcription

Answer 10

When mRNA reverse back to DNA

Question 11

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 11

Amino acids

Question 12

What are proteins?

Answer 12

Proteins are chains of amino acids held together by covalent peptide bonds. This chain folds to form a function protein.

Question 13

Are proteins only made up of one polypeptide chain?

Answer 13

No, some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chains.

Question 14

How is the 3D structure of a protein determined?

Answer 14

By the amino acid sequence

Question 15

Why are proteins important?

Answer 15

-essential for life and necessary for all cell processes such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation
-proteins work by interacting with other molecules

Question 16

Why are mutations important?

Answer 16

Changes in DNA sequence can change the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can change the protein function.
- mutations can then alter a protein’s function or prevent it from being produced causing cellular damage such as cancer or can cause a beneficial change such as adaption

Question 17

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 17

Inherited disorder of red blood cellls
- hemoglobin S forms hemoglobin fibres that distort the RBCs causing them to get stuck in small blood vessels and slowly or block blood flow

Question 18

Hemoglobin

Answer 18

4 polypeptide chains
- 2 alpha-chains of 141 amino acid residues each
- 2 beta-chains of 146 amino acid residues each

• one amino acid change can effect the entire structure

Question 19

Sickle cell hemoglobin

Answer 19

Mutation at residue 6 of beta-chain