Topic 1 Flashcards
Give 4 reasons as to why they stopped reading Galen in the nineteenth century?
Galen’s descriptions were incomplete and wrong
Theory of four humours no longer accepted
Technology advanced so Galen’s books were no longer important
New understanding of the body
Who brought vaccination for smallpox to Britain?
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
What else did she discover about smallpox?
a healthy person can be completely immunised from the smallpox disease by using pus from a sufferer of a mild for of the disease
Who was Edward Jenner?
He was a country doctor who made a complete vaccination for smallpox
What was wrong about Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s smallpox vaccination?
Inoculation by LadyMaryWortleyMontagu sometimes LED to smallpox or even death
how did Jenner’s vaccination work?
in 1796 he took a boy and injected him with pus from a milk maid who had cowpox, then injected him with smallpox, and the boy didn’t get it
What is cowpox?
it’s similar to cowpox, but milder and not as dangerous
Give reasons as to why the smallpox vaccination by Jenner opposed to?
Jenner didn’t thorougly know how it worked
Vaccinators were afraid of losing money
People were afraid of the side effects
No one wanted a disease originated from cows
The people of the church did not think vaccination was natural
Who was Florence Nightingale?
She was a revolutionary nurse who brought discipline and professionalism to nursing
How did Florence NIghtingale change nursing?
She made improvements to nurse camps such as ward hygiene
She went to the Crimean War to sort out nursing in the English camp
She writes a book called ‘Notes on Nursing’
She set up a hospital in England
What were some problems that faced surgeons regarding surgery in the 1800s?
Pain, Infection, and Bleeding
List reasons of how the problem of pain was overcome in the 1800s in surgery
Nitrous Oxide, or laughing gas was used once in a while to ease the pain
Ether was used once during a leg amputation, but it has unpleasant side effects
Chloroform could be used to ease pain but also lead to unexplained deaths
Why was anaesthetics opposed during the 1800s?
Uncomfortable for patients, no one knew how they worked and their side effects
How was the problem of infection overcome in the 1800s in surgery?
Joseph Lister read the work of Pasteur of germ theory and took action by discovering antiseptics and using methods such as not resuing bandages to avoid infection
Why was there opposition towards Lister?
Slowed down surgery and the spray being used was uncomfortable
How was the final development of avoiding infection?
in the 1980s, aspectic surgery was made including all removal of possible germs and surgical equipment being steam sterilized
How was bleeding overcome in surgery?
blood transfusions was attempted though ended disastrously
Why did blood transfusions end disastrously?
Infections could be passed on and blood clotting
How did public health develop from the 1800s to the late 1900s?
beginning of 1800s conditions in Britain was extremely bad, people’s health were worse than ever before. governments started taking action and by the late 1900s they helped with cleaner waters and preventing pollution of rivers
