Topic 1 (1.1.1-1.1.17) - Checkpoints (Aug) [IMP]

Question 1

Why do we need Change Management?

Answer 1

Constantly changing market and competition, keeping up to stay relevant

Ensure that the product of the ongoing change is efficient and well-implemented

It focuses on increasing acceptance (user or system) and adoption of change within the organisation

Question 2

What is Change Management

Answer 2

A systematic approach to change that deals with the transition and transformation of

• Organisational objectives
• Processes
• Core values
• Technologies

It is discipline of business focused on navigating change

Question 3

Key factors of Good Change Management

Answer 3

1. Good and transparent leadership
   + People Management
2. Fitting management and choice of of pace and change (changeovers)
3. Its a collaborative approach from various stakeholders and difference perspectives (Static testing, Black Box/White Box testing)
4. The project frameworks incorporated true and transparent input from those impacted/consumers (Beta testing)
5. It plans for change ahead (Backward Compatibility)
6. Incorporated skilled change agents
7. Understands that not 1 size fits all, its a personalised approach (cultural and contextual variability)

Question 4

Data Centres

Answer 4

A large centre that hosts servers/systems for various companies

[very hot and unsafe]
[large companies have their own and smaller ones rent]

Question 5

Hypervisor

Answer 5

aka a virtual machine monitor (VMM)

Is a piece of software, firmware, or hardware that creates and manages virtual machines (VMs)

Enables the creation of multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Each VM can run its own operating system and applications independently.

Allocating resources like memory, bandwidth, etc. to eat VM

Question 6

Data Migration

Answer 6

Cloning a system from 1 hardware to another

Question 7

System used as safety in data centres?/data storage?

Answer 7

Failover or Backup system

Failover System: system 1 turns off, system 1’s clone turns on

Backup System: system 1 turns off, system 1’s clone is already on and comes online - minimise downtime for essential services

Question 8

Feasibility Study

Answer 8

“design brief” that goes over to the client for sign off

Question 9

Remote Hosted Systems

(or Cloud Computing, SaaS)

Answer 9

Hosting systems remotely

The on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing.

Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centres and servers, you can access technology from a cloud provider

• USE DATA CENTERS

Question 10

Locally Hosted Systems

Answer 10

Using client hardware

The software is installed and operated on the client’s own infrastructure/hardware

Question 11

Pros and Cons of SaaS

Answer 11

Pros
1. Good for large, complex systems
2. 1 time payment (-maintenance)
3. Personal control over data, thus maybe reducing data loss

Cons
- Higher initial cost
- Harder to predict total costs (could turn out to be more expensive in the long run with maintenance)
- Needs maintenance, might have to hire IT

Question 12

Pros and Cons of Locally Hosted Systems

Answer 12

Pros
1. Lower initial cost
2. You can predict total cost
3. Best where you don’t have necessary hardware
4. No maintenance
5. The security of a data centre

Cons
- Relying on a third party (risk if they close, etc.)
- International laws
- Lower performance

Question 13

Legacy Systems

Answer 13

An old method/technology/computing system or application program

that is or is related to

a previous or outdated system

[Often common in government infrastructure like the NY labour depermet. IRS, etc.)

[“legacy” - meaning it paved the way for coming technology]

Question 14

Mergers

Answer 14

When two or more entities/businesses merge into 1 legal entity

[Legacy Systems and Merger: While legacy systems are crucial for growth, innovation and saving costs (NASA example), it can create boundaries during mergers]

Question 15

Compatibility Issues with Business Mergers

(4 possible solutions)

Answer 15

1. Keep both info systems
   - social and collaborative barrier + less connection
   - different policies and structures
   - but no training//less tension
2. Replace both info systems
   - high cost
   - training for all staff
   - the loss of a reliable system

• tension and uncomfort (since change can introduce or reduce jobs)
• could be difficult to accommodate each company’s culture

3. Select the best info system and combine them
   - changes in structure - managerial issues
   - job loss (if the best info system calls for a reduction in jobs)
   - changes in job profiles
   - but less training + reliable system
4. Select 1 info system
   - option 3 but all worse because its not the “best”

Question 16

TELOS

Answer 16

Feasibility study

A study that determines weather a product is feasible, and can be made given the technical, economic, legal, scheduling and operation/organisational nuisances.

Question 17

Changeovers and Their Types

Answer 17

Changeover: A conversion from 1 system to another

1. Parallel: a new system is brought in while running the old one
2. Direct: a new system is brought it, and the old one is immediately stopped
3. Pilot: a new system is tested on a pilot group of the origination using direct changeover
4. Phased: the new system is brought in parts/phases/modules and the old system is slowly phased out, while running parallel