Topic 03 (week 04) Flashcards
use and abuse of vegetational concepts
spaceship earth
natural order
cybernetic theory
man-machine biological system
idea of feedback as stability
internet
Foresters theory
limits to growth
limit to growth and use of resources
maintain equilibrium
1970s data shows nature is not naturally stable (always influx)
environmental determinism
linking environment to society
justifying a natural order to colonialism
justified racism (primary races, secondary races etc)
these racist theories were supported by pseudo-science
racism through environmental determinsim
primary races (white, mongolic, negro) white was held as “normal” and “typical”
the secondary races have contribted nothiong and did not contribute
Kropotkin - Early P.E
survival and evolution evolved through cooperation, ,mutual aid, and jint success
his work resembles contemporary political ecology
looks at the landscape as an object of explanation
interest in marginalized people and their local knowledge
Alexander von Humboldt
inequality of fortunes between white colonials and indigenous populations could only be solved through equal access to both civil employment and fertile land
Alfred Wallace
simultaneously developed the theory of natural selection while highlighting a critique of social hierarchy and land management
area of differentiation between where distinct species exist
“the wallace line”
Wallacia
glacial period
the deep sea trenches such the one between Lombok and Bali still acted as a barrier for flora and fauna to cross
wallace social justice and conservation
became convinced that there was nothing socially or ecologically optimal about current tenancy arrangements in Britain
advocated for the nationalization of land
wallace linked evolution, social justice, and land management to offer critical anit-racist alternative to emerging social darwinism
Marsh
“man and nature”
anticipitated “invisible bonds of ecology”
things have a larger impact on the environment then we think
concerned with loss of frest cover, effect on climate, erosion and silting of waterways
critiques of Marsh
insisted on draining the swamplands (wetlands) and straightening rivers
activists researcherrs of the 19th century
Alice hamilton and Florence Kelly
the research component of this “sewer socialism” was informal but strong
gilbert white
The hazards of floodplains
needs environmental solves, as well as, legislative process
are poor marginalized communities more vulnerable to such events
what is the role of the government
The nature of society: cultural ecology
approached human-environmental issues ecosystematically
humans seen within a larger system propelled by much larger forces
Historicism, landscape and culture : Carl Sauer
research of human use of nature, especially the impacy of human activities
inverting determinism, to explain physical patterns.
focused on the emergence and and adaptation of culture over time
cultural ecology and dynamic equilibria
concern for efficiency propelled by the rise of systems theory
critics of cultural ecology
contingent social behaviours and practices
Marxist Political ecology
saw the degradation of the environment
politics of the environment linked to the poltics of class struggle. industrialization, and capital accumulation
blamed capitalism for the unlimited extraction of resources for the benefit of few at the cost of the environment
Marx 3 assertions
social and cultural systems are based in historical (changing) material conditions and relations
capitalist production specific and recent kind of production requires extraction of surpluses
