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Principles of Biology (Viv) > Topic 01 - The nature of Science and Biology > Flashcards

Topic 01 - The nature of Science and Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biblical narrative

Creation —–> _____ —–> Redemption —–> _____

A

Creation —–> Fall —–> Redemption —> Restoration

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2
Q

_____ of all the sciences, has the greatest potential for making major advances in aid of humanity; at the same time, most problems facing society today are either biological or have large biological components

American Institute of _____ Sciences

A

Biology

Biological

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3
Q

____ implies that you can give correct answers to questions and in examinations.

A

Knowledgeable

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4
Q

_____ implies that a man’s outlook is transformed by what he knows

A

Educated

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5
Q

The main difference between knowledge and education is that in _____ you are transformed by what you know.

In ____ you have the right answers but not ______

A

education

Knowledge

transformed

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6
Q

_____, an invasive species to Yellowstone Lake, has reduced cutthroat trout populations by 90%

As a result, ____ and _____ populations in the park have declined.

A

Lake trout

River otter

Osprey

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7
Q

Lake trout has also caused a decrease in the population of _____ swans, the common loon.

A

Trumpster

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8
Q

The introduction of Lake trout have caused ______, _______, and _______ populations to decrease.

A

Cutthroat trout

Osprey

Trumpster swan

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9
Q

Lake trout have also caused a high mortality rate among ______ calves.

A

elk

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10
Q

Bufo marinus is the scientific name for the ______

A

Cane Toad

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11
Q

The cause of toad feminization is caused by _______

A

chemicals

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12
Q

Increase in _______ within the vicinity of toad populations = an increase the population of feminization of frogs

A

farming

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13
Q

T/F

Feminization by way of estrogen affects humans.

A

False

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14
Q

Human sewage describes ____ source pollution

A

point

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15
Q

Agricultural runoff describe ____ source pollution

A

non-point

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16
Q

Being scientifically literate is required for the following:

1) ________
2) ________
3) ________

A

1) Knowing yourself
2) Knowing your world
3) Knowing your God

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17
Q

Correlation does not mean _____.

A

causation

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18
Q

Increased farming within the vicinity of toad populations = _____ in population of feminized frogs

A

increase

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19
Q

The aim of science is _____

A

theory

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20
Q

_____ is an activity or process, the underlying aim of which is to further our understanding of why things happen the way they do in the natural or created world

A

Science

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21
Q

A _____ is a collection of human observations used to explain phenomena and make predictions in new situations. Backed by empirical evidence.

A

Theory

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22
Q

Science is characterized by its demand for empirical evidence for its conclusions describes aspect # _____

A

1

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23
Q

Science is characterized by its demand for logical reasoning describes aspect # ______.

A

2

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24
Q

Science is given tentative or contingent knowledge describes aspect # _____

A

3

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25
Q

Science has an epistemological framework that includes a set of presuppositions describes aspect # ____

A

4

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26
Q

Science as a human activity has limits describes aspect # ____

A

5

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27
Q

Science takes place within the values and norms of the culture and is subject to the biases of its practitioners describes aspect # ______

A

6

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28
Q

The general role of science is a _______.

A

collection of human observations used to explain phenomena and make predictions in new situations (rests on many hypotheses that have been tested and backed by empirical evidence).

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29
Q

Knowledge received by observation and experimentation is _____ evidence

A

imperical

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30
Q

_____ reasoning is a method of drawing conclusions by going from specific to general

A

Inductive

Example:

Example: The left-handed people I know use left-handed scissors; therefore, all left-handed people use left-handed scissors.

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31
Q

____ is a method of drawing conclusions by going from general to specific

A

Deductive

Example:

Acute angles are less than 90 degrees. This angle is 40 degrees, so it must be an acute angle.

32
Q

Something fact-based you experience through one of your five senses describes _______

A

observations

33
Q

an ______ is what you think or decide about something you have observed

A

inference

34
Q

Scientists make observations by _____

A

Scientists use their own senses, instruments (such as microscopes) that enhance those senses, and instruments that tap characteristics quite different from what humans can sense (such as magnetic fields). They observe passively or actively.

35
Q

A standard rule; what community decides is researched based on political, social, and cultural titles. They observe passively or actively describe ______

A

communal objectivity

36
Q

____ is the most amazing person ever

A

Kyle

37
Q

forming and testing evidence. propose a hypothesis, decide what is testable, test consequences, accept/ reject hypothesis, formulate “if…then” No anecdotal evidence!(observe–infer–propose–test–discard–feasibility) describes the _____ method.

A

hypothetico-deductive

38
Q

Generalizations of how the natural world/creation reacts in certain conditions describes _____

A

law

39
Q

A ______ is a prediction with not much evidence, is testable and falsifiable.

A

Hypothosis

40
Q

_____ are not laws, rather theories attempt to explain _____

A

laws.

BOTH BLANKS ARE LAWS

41
Q

______ research is observing, gathering data, and testing. You have two variables, independent and dependent (independent is the treatment, and dependent is the effect). you NEVER want to change your independent variable, there are your control groups.

A

Experimental

42
Q

The 4 limitations of science:

1) __________
2) __________
3) __________
4) __________

A

1) Limit to physical explanations of observed events
2) Science can’t make value judgements
3) Science can’t address ultimate questions of purpose
4) Gives tentative or contingent knowledge

43
Q

_____ study or after-the-fact research is a category of research design in which the investigation starts after the fact has occurred without inference from the researcher.

A

Ex post facto

Example:
The effects of second-hand smoke or the study of second-hand smoke take place after the incident has occurred (the individual has already been exposed to second-hand smoke)

44
Q

_______ research investigates the relationship between two variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating them.

A

Correlational

45
Q

The main advantage experimental research has over correlational research is that experimental research establishes _____. Correlational studies only show associations between variables.

A

causality

46
Q

Scale of Correlation

  1. 1 < 0,1 = No correlation
  2. 1 < 0.3 = little correlation
  3. 3 < 0.5 = medium correlation
  4. 5 < 0,7 = high correlation
  5. 7 < 1 = very high correlation
A
47
Q

Strength of Correlation is indicted by ____.

A

r

48
Q

The correlation scale goes from _____ —-> _____

A

-1 —> +1

49
Q

This is a ____ correlation with a “r” value of ____

A

perfect positive correlation

r = 1

50
Q

This is a ____ correlation with a “r” value of ____

A

no correlation

r = 0

51
Q

This is a ____ correlation with a “r” value of ____

A

High positive correlation

r = 0.8

52
Q

This is a ____ correlation with a “r” value of ____

A

Low positive correlation

r = 0.3

53
Q

A _____ is a generalization of how the natural world reacts in certain conditions

A

law

54
Q

A ______ inferred explanations of natural world, attempts to explain laws

A

theory

55
Q

4 Limitations of Science:

1) ______
2) ______
3) ______
4) ______

A

1) Limit to physical explanations of observed events
2) Science can’t make value judgments
3) Science can’t address ultimate questions of purpose
4) Gives tentative or contingent knowledge

56
Q

_______ evidence is a personal testimony

A

Anecdotal

57
Q

_______ evidence is durable and concepts do not change

A

Scientific

58
Q

_________ are non-testable assumptions which are the foundation to a set of new beliefs, worldview, philosophy, etc.

A

presuppositions

59
Q

The phrase “Humans were created or humans were evolved from apes” is an example of _______

A

presupposition

60
Q

A World View is:

1) ______
2) ______
3) ______
4) ______

A

1) A way of seeing and interpreting the world
2) A vision for the way of life
3) A way to answer life’s major questions
4) A person’s presupposition

61
Q

The world view that is most popular in the scientific community is _______

A

empiricism

62
Q

empiricism is the idea that all concepts, ideas, and _______ knowledge available to humans must ultimately rest solely on ______ experiences or observations. Any alleged idea or belief that does not have empirical grounding is empty/meaningless. An attempt to ______ all knowledge to scientific knowledge.

A

substantive

sensory

reduce

63
Q

Paul Bloom explains the tendency of humans to believe in the supernatural by stating that the supernatural world is not learned, but rather we are _____ for belief

A

wired

64
Q

_____ is the study of living things

A

Biology

65
Q

Seven Shared Properties of Living Things

1) ______
2) ______
3) ______
4) ______
5) ______
6) ______
7) ______

A

1) Organisms are constructed of same kinds of atoms/ molecules according to the same laws of energy.

2) organisms consist of one or more cells.

3) Organisms use energy and raw material from the environment to survive and reproduce.

4) Organisms sense and make controlled responses to conditions in their external and internal environment to regulate homeostasis.

5) Organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction.

6) All organisms pass genetic info to future generations from parent to offspring.

7) Organisms can adapt to their environment

66
Q

all living things are composed of cells. The cell is the structural and functional unit of life is the _____ theory

A

Cell

67
Q

Components of the Cell Theory:

1) _______
2) _______
3) _______

A

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. Also, organisms grow by “adding on more cells” NOT by increasing the size of their cells.

68
Q

______ states that living things can only come from living things and cells can only come from pre-existing cells

A

Biogenesis

69
Q

maintaining a constant internal environment to continue to process of life is _______

A

Homeostasis

Example of Homeostasis in action

Maintenance of blood pressure: The heart can sense changes in blood pressure, sending signals to the brain, which then sends appropriate instructions back to the heart. If blood pressure is too high, the heart should slow down; if it is too low, the heart should speed up.

70
Q

Proteins and other amino acids help control body temperature. This is an example of ______

A

homeostasis

71
Q

______ reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.

1 parent, cells split, genetic copy (also known as an offspring or “clone”)

A

Asexual

72
Q

_____ reproduction is the process in which new organisms are created, by combining the genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.

2 parents, gametes, recombination variation

A

Sexual

73
Q

Charles Darwin’s principles:

1) _______
2) ________
3) ________

A

1) All living creatures are modified descendants of a common ancestor that lived long ago
2) Every species that has ever appeared can be explained by descent with modification
3) Modifications are the result of natural selection acting on genetic mutations

74
Q

The shared ancestor of new, different species that arose from one population is a _______

A

common ancestor

75
Q

principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time is _______

A

descent with modification

76
Q

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits is ______

A

natural selection

Principles of Biology (Viv) (4 decks)

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