TopHat Flashcards
The dura mater contains ____ that carry ____ back to the heart
The dura mater contains (vein-like structures) that carry (blood) back to the heart
Choroid Plexus
The tissue in the ventricles that produces the cerebral spinal fluid
Hydrocephalus (water head)
A condition where there is a blockage in a ventricle and the CSF builds up which puts pressure on the brain
What is another word for a coronal cut?
Frontal
What is the transverse/horizontal plane
A section of the brain that is taken horizontally, parallel to the floor
Is there a purpose for the two hemispheres being separate?
Not really, although the two hemispheres do have some localized functions, the separation is largely redundant
If a split brain patient is presented an object in the left visual field, what is the result?
They may be unable to name the object because info from the left visual field enters the right hemisphere to the speech centre
Is intelligence related to brain size?
Its not the size per say but its the surface area of the cortex, humans have a large surface area due to all the sulci and giri
What does Transmagnetic Stimulation (TMS) do?
It temporarily deactivates specific parts of the cortex using strong magnets
Where is the olfactory bulb located?
In the frontal lobe
What functions does the frontal lobe control?
- Process smells
- Planning and implementing motor movement
- Attention
- Decision making
What functions does the parietal lobe control?
- Processing somatosentation (touch, pressure, heat)
- Proprioception (orientation of body in space)
What functions are localized in the occipital lobe?
Vision = seeing, recognizing and identifying visual stimuli
What is the ventral stream?
it is involved with object and visual identification and recognition
–> WHAT
What is the dorsal stream?
It is involved with processing the object’s spacial location and speech repetition
–> WHERE
What is the parietal stream?
The stream that goes from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe
—> HOW
What functions are the temporal lobe responsible for?
- Processing sounds
- Memory
The basal ganglia plays an important role in what?
Movement control, posture, and motivation
What types of inputs does the thalamus receive?
Sensory and motor inputs which it directs to the cortex, as well as feedback from the cortex
What does the thalamus help to regulate?
Consciousness, arousal, and sleep states
What does the brainstem coordinate?
Coordinates motor control signals sent from the brain to the body
What makes up the white and grey matter of the spinal cord?
The white matter is myelinated axons and the grey matter is glial bodies
Which part of the CNS controls motor reflexes?
The spinal cord
What is a preganglionic neuron?
It is a neuron of the autonomic NS that originates in the CNS that synapses to a neuron in a ganglion that will then synapse with the target organ
Which two NT are released in the sympathetic nervous system
- Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
Which NT is released in the parasympathetic NS?
Acetylcholine
How many synapses do sensory and motor neurons have?
Only one
What is the main NT in the somatic NS?
Acetylcholine
What are the 5 general categories of neurons?
- Inhibitory - microcircuits (interneurons in cortex)
- Inhibitory - macrocircuits 3. Excitatory - microcircuits (stellate in cortex)
- Excitatory - macrocircuits (pyramidal neurons)
- neuromodulary macrocicuits
Sensory Transduction
The process by which sensory neurons convert a stimulus (chemical, physical, pressure) into chemical signals
Extoreceptors
The stimulus arises from outside the body
Interoreceptors
Stimulus can arise from inside the body
Upper motor neurons
Contain cortico-spinal projections that originate in the motor cortex and descend to the spinal cord where they activate lower motor neurons
Lower motor neurons
Neurons that originate in the spinal cord and directly or indirectly control effector organs
What are the 2 main classes of lower motor neurons?
- Somatic
2, General Visceral
Somatic motor neurons
they originate in the CNS and project axons to skeletal muscles
General visceral motor neurons
They indirectly innervate cardiac and smooth muscles of the arteries
What are the main excitatory projection neurons of the brain?
Pyramidal cells
What NT do pyramidal cells use?
Glutamate
Interneurons usually form ___circuits
Micro
Neuropil
A dense network of interwoven nerve fibers and their branches and synapses, together with glial fibers
4 main segments of the axon
- Axon hillock
- initial segment
- Axon proper
- Axon terminal
How many synapses occur at one dendritic spine?
Usually only a single synapse
Which glial cell produces and maintains tight junctions?
Astrocytes
What might allow microglia to be very sensitive to pathological changes?
Unique potassium channels
