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Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience > Slides 1 > Flashcards

Slides 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent Pathways motor of sensory

A

Sensory - signal coming in

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2
Q

Efferent Pathways are motor or sensory

A

Motor - signal is going out

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3
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Too little blood flow (ischemia)

Less that 20ml per 100g per minute

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4
Q

At what point of blood loss does cell death occur

A

Below 10ml per 100g per minute

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5
Q

What are the two major arteries that supply blood to the brain

A
  1. Common carotid arteries

2. Vertebral arteries

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6
Q

Which is the most common place to loose blood in the brain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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7
Q

What are the two types of strokes

A
  1. Hemerrhagic stroke

2. Ischemic stroke

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8
Q

Hemorrhage stroke

A

There is a blood leak into the brain

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9
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

A clot (from brain or peripheri) stops blood supply to an area of the brain

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10
Q

Which type of stroke is most common?

A

Ischemic stroke, they account for 80% of strokes

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of ischemic strokes?

A

Thrombotic strokes = blood clot forms in an artery directly leading to the brain
Embolic Stroke = a clot forms somewhere else in the body and travels to the brain

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12
Q

What is the difference between the core and the penumbra areas in an ischemic stroke?

A

Core area is there blood flow is below 10-25% and necrosis starts
Penumbra area is where there is less than 25-50% blood flow and eventually apoptosis will set in (can recover these regions)

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13
Q

What differentiates neurons from other cells?

A
  • Dendrites

- Axons

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14
Q

What may neurons be classified by?

A

Shape
Neurotransmitters
Location
Connectivity

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15
Q

What are macrocircuits

A

They are a group of neurons that project from one region of the brain to another

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16
Q

What are microcircuits?

A

They are groups of neurons that project within a brain region

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17
Q

What are the 4 main types of neurons?

A

Sensory
Motor
Principal
Inter

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18
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Connected to receptors, they carry sensory information to the brain (afferent)

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19
Q

Motor neurons

A

Responsible for the direct or indirect control of effector organs such as muscles and glands (efferent)

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20
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

They are neurons one axon and one dendrite (that has multiple branches)

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21
Q

Which neuron types are commonly bipolar?

A

Interneuron/principal neuron

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22
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron

A

They have one main axon/dendrite and the soma protrudes off pf it

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23
Q

What neurons are typically unipolar?

A

Sensory neurons

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24
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

A soma that has multiple dendrites coming off of it and one main axon

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25
Q

What neurons are typically multipolar?

A

Motor neurons

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26
Q

How do interneurons and proncipal neurons differ from one another

A

Principal neurons are the neurons that connect everything together.
Interneurons exhibit inhibitory control over principal neurons/

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27
Q

Which has greater surface area, the soma or the dendrites?

A

Dendrites have a much bigger surface area

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28
Q

What gives dendrites such a big surface area?

A

The dendritic spines increase the size of dendrites surface area

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29
Q

What is a perkinjee cell?

A

A neuron with a large dendritic tree with a small soma

A principal neuron but it releases GABA

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30
Q

What is the part of the post synaptic terminal that receives the NT from synapse called?

A

Post synaptic density

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of dendritic spines and what is the difference

A
  1. Stubby
  2. Thin
  3. Mushroom
    - -> They are essentially at different stages of the growth cycle
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32
Q

Thin dendritic spine

A

It is reaching out probing for an axon to make a connection with

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33
Q

Mushroom dendritic spine

A

It had a connection with an axon and it is the main excitatory input

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34
Q

Stubby dendritic spine

A

They do not have a connection yet but they will grow if they sense a possible connection

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35
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

A branch off the main axon

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36
Q

What significance does diameter size have for axons

A

Large diameter: less internal resistance so a faster signal flow
–> Also usually myelinated
Small diameter: more internal resistance that causes slower signal flow

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37
Q

Are organelles only in the soma?

A

No, they can travel up and down the axon on microtubules as needed

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38
Q

Difference between schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A 
Shwann:
  - PNS 
  - Can heal 
  - single cell 
  myelinates a single 
  node 
Oligodendrocyte: 
  - CNS 
  - Cannot heal 
  - single cell can 
  myelinate several 
  nodes and on 
  different axons
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39
Q

What are radial glial cells?

A

During development, radial glial cells are used as scaffolding for new neurons to travel up into the cortex

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40
Q

What happens to radial glial cells when the scaffolding is no longer needed?

A

They do not die, rather they turn into other glial cells

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41
Q

Do new neurons even travel back down the radial glial cells?

A

No, once they are in place they stay put

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42
Q

Progenitor Cells

A

Fill in later

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43
Q

Capacitance

A

The ability to store excess charges

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44
Q

What causes resistance in the membrane?

A

Ion channels (open vs closed)

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45
Q

What is required to keep the current flowing?

A

A source of energy

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46
Q

What does a closed system mean?

A

No energy is lost or grained

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47
Q

How are a capacitor and a battery similar?

A

They are both able to store energy and then use that energy to drive currents

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48
Q

What does a voltmeter do?

A

Measuring potential energy difference between two points

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49
Q

what is charge?

A

The source of the force between objects that can act at a distance

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50
Q

What properties of an atom make it a good conductor?

A

When its outer electrons have relatively weak bonds to their nuclei

51
Q

What properties of an atom make a good insulator?

A

When its outer electrons are tightly bound to their nuclei

52
Q

What is current?

A

It is the rate of flow of charge

- Reported as the number of charges per unit time passing through a boundary

53
Q

What is the standard unit for current?

A

Ampere (A) = one coulomb per second

54
Q

Which direction does current usually flow?

A

From positive to negative == conventional current

55
Q

How do negative charges flow in relation to positive charges?

A

In the opposite direction to the electric field

== Opposite to conventional current

56
Q

3 factors that affect resistance

A
  • Material
  • Cross-sectional area
  • Temperature
57
Q

What is the relationship between current and resistance?

A

Inversely related

More resistance = less current

58
Q

what is the relationship between current and voltage

A

They are directly proportional

59
Q

OHM’s law

A

The amount of current (I, measures in amps) flowing in a conductor is related to the potential different (V, volts) applied to it

60
Q

Ohm’s law equation

A

I = V/R

61
Q

Does a stronger depolarization result in a higher amplitude action potential (amount of current flowing in)?

A

No, but it can result in a higher frequency of action potentials but with a fixed amplitude

62
Q

What tool was used to measure the voltage in the giant axon in the squid?

A

The Oscilloscope

- filled with salt water

63
Q

Extracellular recording

A

Electrode is placed just outside the neuron of interest

–> Looks at how populations of cells work together (in a live animal)

64
Q

Intracellular recording

A

Electrode is inserted inside the neuron of interest

–> in vitro (isolated from animal in a dish)

65
Q

Patch clamp technique

A

the electrode is closely apposed to the neuron membrane, forming a tight seal with a patch of the membrane
- Isolates that part of the membrane and measures the activity of individual channels

66
Q

What does the equilibrium potential depend on?

A

The concentrations of the respective ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) distributed on the inside and outside

67
Q

The Nernst Equation

A

Equilibrium potential depends on the relative contribution of the particular ions inside and outside of the neural membrane

68
Q

Where is the voltage difference the greatest?

A

Close to the membrane because the positive and negative ions on each side are attracted to each other and will migrate towards the membrane

69
Q

Why does chloride more back and forth across the axon membrane?

A

Chloride moves into the axon to move down the concentration gradient, but it also flows back out of the cell because it is attracted to positive sodium ions

70
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

71
Q

Particles on the outside of the neuron

A

Sodium (Na+)

Chloride (Cl-)

72
Q

Particles on the inside of the membrane

A

Potassium (K+)

Large protein anions (A-)

73
Q

Which ions can flow freely?

A

Chloride and potassium

74
Q

What is the ratio of potassium ions inside to outside

A

20:1

75
Q

Ratio of sodium ions inside to outside

A

10:1

76
Q

What makes the inside of the neuron negative?

A

Large protein anions that cannot move outside of the cell and sodium channels are gated so they keep sodium out

77
Q

Why don’t chloride ions contribute much to the resting potential?

A

Because its equilibrium point (concentration gradient = voltage gradient) is the same as the membranes resting potential

78
Q

Where do graded potentials most often occur?

A

On the dendrites

79
Q

where do action potentials most often occur?

A

On the axon

80
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Small voltage fluctuations across the cell membrane

81
Q

How do ions flow to create a hyperpolarization?

A

Influx of chloride

Eflux of potassium

82
Q

How do ions flow to create a depolarization?

A

Influx of sodium

83
Q

Action potential

A

A large, brief reversal in polarity of an axon

84
Q

Threshold of excitation voltage

A

~ -40 to -50mV

85
Q

What is the cause of absolute refractory during the repolarization of the axon?

A

During the repolarization the voltage-insensitive sodium gate 2 are closed, so no matter how positively you drive the cell, they will not open

86
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Propagation of an action potential on the membrane of an axon

87
Q

What part of an action potential ensures that the impulse travels in only one direction?

A

the refractory periods

88
Q

Conduction between nodes of ranvier

A

Saltatory conduction

89
Q

Back propagation

A

Reverse movement of an action potential from the axon hillock into the dendrites

90
Q

What is the potential function of back propagation?

A

May play a role in plastic changes in the neuron that underlie learning

91
Q

Neuroepithelial cells can proliferate and generate what 2 things, and then differentiate into what?

A

Neuroblasts
Immature neurons
» Then differentiate into radial glia

92
Q

Most, but not all, astrocytes have what features in common?

A

Star-like
GFAP marker
Make contact with brain capillaries

93
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes located?

A

In the grey matter

94
Q

What is the main function of protoplasmic astrocytes?

A

Their end-feet called perivascular end feet make contact with blood vessels as well as multiple contacts with neurons

95
Q

Which astrocytes make up the blood brain barrier?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

96
Q

Other than blood vessels and neurons, where to protoplasmic astrocytes make contact?

A

The pia matter

= subpial end-feet

97
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes located?

A

In the white matter

98
Q

What are the main points of contact for fibrous astrocytes?

A

At the nodes of Ranvier

Also blood vessels (perivascular) and pia matter (sub-pial)

99
Q

What is the purpose of fibrous astrocytes as the perinodes?

A

It cleans up the imbalance of ions in at the nodes of ranvier
> prevents ions from leaking in and out of axon

100
Q

What are the 5 main roles of an astrocyte?

A
  1. Control extracellular K+ homeostasis
  2. Remove excess glutamate (protoplasmic)
  3. Control local blood flow and provide neurons with metabolic support
  4. Control synaptogensis and synaptic maintenance
  5. (not main) Supply glutamate to main glutamatergic neurotransmission
101
Q

How to oligodendrocytes and schwann cells form the myelin around axons?

A

By enwrapping their membrane several times around the axon

102
Q

What role do schwann cells play with smaller axons if not providing myelin?

A

Encloses them to hold axons together

>keeps them in place

103
Q

Are there oligodendrocytes that do not myelinate?

A

Yes

> do not know exact function

104
Q

Where are non-myelinating oligodendrocytes found?

A

In the grey matter

105
Q

What is the internodal region of an axon?

A

The area not covered by myelin –> node of ranvier

106
Q

Is the internode (Node of Ranvier) empty?

A

No, fibrous astrocytes are there

107
Q

How are microglia distributed through the CNS?

A

Relatively evenly

108
Q

In what way to microglia combat pathogens?

A

Through phagocytosis

109
Q

What functions to microglia have? (4)

A
  1. Regulating cell death
  2. Synapse pruning
  3. Neurogenesis
  4. Neuronal surveillance
110
Q

What are the 2 phenotypes of microglia and what are their roles?

A

M1 - reactive&raquo_space; will activate astrocytes to let t-cells in from the periphery to help with immune response
> Kill cells
M2 - repair cells, restrict BBB permeability

111
Q

How can M1 microglial response be bad?

A

When M1 cells are triggered, they activate astrocytes to increase BBB permeability to let helper T-cells in to help with the immune response.
These T-cells can sometimes see oligodendrocytes as bas and attack them, destroying the myelin

112
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the CNS

113
Q

What molecules are allowed to pass through the BBB?

A 
Water 
Some gasses
Lipid soluble molecules 
Glucose 
Amino acids
114
Q

Cytoarchitectonics

A

One of the ways to parse the brain by staining it to reveal how neurons are “stacked” into layers

115
Q

Area 41 and 42

A

Temporal lobe - hearing

116
Q

Area 44 and 44

A

Broca’s area for language

117
Q

Area 1,2,3

A

Somatosentory

118
Q

Area 17 and 18

A

Primary visual areas

119
Q

What part of the brain to the common carotid arteries innervate?

A

Front and top

120
Q

What part of the brain do the vertebral arteries innervate?

A

Middle and side

121
Q

Does a principle cell synapse more with an interneuron than an interneuron synapses with a principle neuron, or vise versa?

A

Vis versa, an interneuron synapses more with a principle neuron than a principle neuron synapses with an interneuron

122
Q

Glial cells interaction with the BBB (5)

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Structural support
  3. Influence cell function
  4. Channels for glucose and amino acids
  5. Movement of sodium
123
Q

Voltage

A

The measure of specific potential energy between two locations

Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (4 decks)

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