top down bottom up

Question 1

what are top down development schemes?

Answer 1

these are usually very expensive, and a country often has to borrow money from large organisations like the world bank or from companies in developed countries. The decisions related to any top down schemes will usually be made by the government and any external groups involved

Question 2

what are bottom up development schemes?

Answer 2

these are projects which are planned and controlled by local communities to help their local periphery area. They are not expensive because they use smaller, more appropriate technology which the local people will have to pay for

Question 3

in a top down development scheme…

Answer 3

the country will most likely go into debt

Question 4

in a bottom down development scheme…

Answer 4

education and training around the project can enable people to develop their skill and support the community

Question 5

who makes the decisions in a top down development scheme?

Answer 5

the government and external companies involved

Question 6

who makes the decisions in a bottom up development scheme?

Answer 6

bottom up schemes are controlled and planned by people in the local community

Question 7

what months do monsoons bring heavy rains across India?

Answer 7

between May and September

Question 8

between what months does almost no rain fall in parts of India

Answer 8

Between November and March- parts of the north- west are so dry that it is semi- desert

Question 9

as India’s population and economy increases…

Answer 9

demand for water rises

Question 10

what did the government decide that Western India needs super dams for?

Answer 10

. to encourage economic development by providing drinking water and electricity for cities and industries
. to farm dry lands to feed the population using irrigation

Question 11

how many dams has the Indian government built?

Answer 11

over 4500, 14 of which are huge super dams

Question 12

what is irrigation?

Answer 12

artificial watering of land which allows farming to take place

Question 13

Where is the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 13

It is found on the Narmada river and it is one of the worlds largest dams

Question 14

what will the Sardar Sarovar dam do?

Answer 14

when completed it will store monsoon rains for use during the dry season.

Question 15

How tall will the Sardar Sarovar dam be?

Answer 15

originally 80 metres high, the government plans to raise it to 163 metres to increase its capacity

Question 16

who benefits from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 16

India’s cities and India’s farmers

Question 17

how do cities in India benefit from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 17

the dam is multipurpose, providing 3.5 billion litres of drinking water daily and hydroelectric power

Question 18

how do farmers in Western India benefit from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 18

a network of canals will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madyha Pradesh. These states suffer from drought, causing loss of crops and animals each year

Question 19

which states in Western India will benefit from the network on canals irrigating farmland?

Answer 19

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh

Question 21

how do local residents not benefit from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 21

234 villages have been flooded by the dam, forcing 320,000 people out. Few rural people can afford electricity from the scheme- only cities benefit

Question 22

how do local farmers not benefit from the Sardar Sarovar dam?

Answer 22

good quality farmland has been flooded. Damming the river means that fertile sediment deposit

Question 23

how does western india not benefit from the sardar sarovar dam

Answer 23

religious and historic sites have been flooded

Question 24

how do people downstream not benefit from the sardar sarovar dam?

Answer 24

the region has a history of earthquake activity. seismologists believe that the weight of large dams can trigger earthquakes

Question 25

example of a bottom up case study

Answer 25

biogas generators

Question 27

what happens in many cases with bottom up schemes?

Answer 27

experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer people assistance and let them control their lives

Question 28

who are bottom up schemes usually run by

Answer 28

the local communities but also non- government organisations such as charities or universities

Question 29

how do bottom up development schemes begin?

Answer 29

researchers talk to families, record how they spend their time and listen to their problems

Question 30

what was found about daily routines for most rural families?

Answer 30

daily routines take time- especially for women and girls. Cleaning, collecting fuel, fetching water, cooking and preparing food, looking after vegetable patches and tending to the sacred cows- all before any paid work is done

Question 31

what was found about the education of most rural girls?

Answer 31

rural girls have little education and few complete primary school.

Question 32

why is cow dung a valued resource?

Answer 32

because it produces gas, called biogas

Question 33

what is biogas used for?

Answer 33

cooking by day, and powering electricity generators by night

Question 34

how is biogas produced?

Answer 34

the cow dung is fed into a brick, clay or concrete lined pit that forms part of a biogas plant. This pit is sealed with a metal dome and the dung ferments to produce methane. As pressure builds, methane is pumped into homes

Question 35

what is using biogas for electricity an example of?

Answer 35

intermediate technology because it is simple, uses local materials, available in India and can be located in a village without impact as it takes up little space

Question 36

how many cattle dung biogas plants had been built in India by 2010?

Answer 36

4 million

Question 37

how many permanent jobs were created by biogas plants?

Answer 37

200,000, mostly in rural areas

Question 38

what are benefits of using biogas generators (1)

Answer 38

- unlike firewood, cooking with gas produces smoke free kitchens so there are fewer lung infections - heat is instant so cooking is quicker - there is no ash- so less cleaning

Question 39

what are some benefits of using biogas generators? (2)

Answer 39

- time is no longer spent gathering wood for fuel, so girls have more time to go to school - cattle are now kept in the family compound, making dung collection easier, previously, cattle would graze local woodland eating saplings and preventing trees from regenerating - when cattle dung is fed into the digester, micro- organisms which cause disease are destroyed as the dung ferments

Question 40

what are some benefits of biogas generators and using biogas (3)

Answer 40

-after digestion, the sludge is richer in nutrients than raw dung, so makes a better fertiliser - many villages now use biogas to power electricity generators that provide light at night and pump drinking and irrigation water from underground. Farmers can now get three crops of vegetables a year using pumped water

Question 41

explain one disadvantage of intermediate technology

Answer 41

-intermediate technology does not benefit a large number of people, so may not have much of an impact on an area's quality of life -intermediate technology does not often have direct government support therefore may incur financial difficulties